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英 文 翻 譯 系 別 機(jī)電工程系 專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班 級 161004 學(xué)生姓名 張 紅 偉 學(xué) 號 103399 指導(dǎo)教師 王 劍 Production?Line?Balancing The?scope?of?this?study?is?to?explore?the?understanding?of? Productionline?Manu-facturing?and?Balancing,?Types?of?Line?Balancing,?Equipment?Balancing?and?its?Failure?an-d?Analysis.A?production?line?is?said?to?be?in?balance?when?every?worker’s?task?takes?the?same?amount?of? time.?Line?balancing?is?a?manufacturing-engineering?function?in?which? whole? collection?of ?pr-oductionline?tasks?are?divided?into?equal?portions.Well-balanced?lines?avoid?labour?idealness?and?imp-rove? productivity. Production?Line?Balancing Line-balancing?strategy?is?to?make?production?lines?flexible?enough?to?absorb?ex-ternal?and?internal?irregularities.?There?are?two?types?of?line?balancing,?which?we?have?explained?as： Static?Balance?Refers?to?long-term?differences?in?capacity?over?a?period?of?sever-al?hours?or?longer.?Static?imbalance?results?in?underutilization?of?workstations,?machi-nes?and?people.? ?Dynamic?Balance?Refers?to?short-term?differences?in?capacity,?like,?over?a?perio-d?of?minutes,?hours?at?most.?Dynamic?imbalance?arises?from?product?mix?changes?and?variations?in?work?time?unrelated?to?product?mix.? Labour?Balancing?and?Assignments Strategy?of?production?line?stability?is?the?tendency?for?labour?assignments?to?be?fixed.?Labour?feasibility?is?an?important?feature?in?the?strategy?of?production?line?flex-ibility?linked?to?individual?skills?and?capabilities? When?one?worker?is?having?problem?in?performing?his?assigned?task?and?experie-ncing?delay?due?to?technical?problem(s),?other?worker(s)?should?move?into?help.? ?The?management?practice?of?deliberately?pulling?worker’s?of?the?line?when?the?l-ine?is?running?smoothly.? ?The?movement?of?whole?crews?from?one?dedicated?line?to?another?as?the?model?mix? changes. Group?Technology?–?In?which?one?worker?can?handle?variety?of?tasks?(automati-on)?in?a?single?work?centre. ? Equipment?Balancing While?balancing?equipment,?attempt?to?ensure?that?each?piece?of?equipment?in?th-e?work?cell?has?the?same?amount?of?work.?Now?days?every?manufacturer?is?attempting?to? maximize?the?utilization?of?all?available?equipments.?Such?high?utilization?is?often?co-unterproductive?and?may?be?the?wrong?goal?because;?high?utilization?is?usually?ac-companied?by?high?inventory. Equipment?Failure An?equipment?failure?is?a?major?serious?matter,?with?the?potential?to?shut?down?a?production?line.?To?avoid?such?failures?one?should?not?overload?the?equipments,?and? workers?should?be?trained?to?perform?a?daily?machine?checking?(preventive?maintena-nce)? and?following?standard?operating?procedures.?The?advantage?for?Maintenance? and?Engineering.Department?does?not?lie?in?running?late?shifts,?hence?calculate?the?pr-eventive?maintenance?time?and?schedule?the?activity. Analysis Analysis?is?generally?performed?by?Competent?Technical?Staff.?Begin?the?analys-is?wi-th?division?of?production-line?work?into?small?tasks,?determination?of?task?time?s-tand-ards,?specification?of?required?task?sequencing?and?notation?of?constraints.?If?bott-le?n-eck?task?is?in?the?way?of?good?balance,?the?Competent?Technical?Staff?should?anal-yze? the?task?to?reduce?the?time?it?takes?to?perform. Line?Balancing?Leadership Workmen?should?lead?the?production?line?balancing?effort,?so?that?they?can?react?quickly?when?line?imbalances?(static?and?dynamic)?crop?up?as?a?result?of?changeover? to?make?a?different?item?or?changes?in?the?output?rate. Conclusion Production-line?balancing?study?tends?to?employ?thought?and?ingenuity?to?change?con-ditions.?Production-line?design?and?operation?is?more?art?than?science.?Labour?fl-exibility?is?the?key?to?effective?resource?management.?The?idea?of?workers?checking? and?doing?minor?repair?work?on?their?own?equipment?possibly?decreases?the?risk?of?e-quipment?failure.?Selecting?an?appropriate?set?of?balancing?mechanism?is?a?part?of?wo-rk?cell? design?and?it?must?be?linked?with?many?other?decisions?for?the?system?to?func-tion?well. 生產(chǎn)線平衡 ?這項(xiàng)研究的范圍是探討生產(chǎn)線的制造和平衡，生產(chǎn)線平衡的類型，設(shè)備平衡和故障分析的理解。當(dāng)每個(gè)工人的任務(wù)需要相同的時(shí)間來完成的時(shí)候，就是一個(gè)平衡的流水線。線平衡，是一個(gè)制造工程的功能，即在整個(gè)生產(chǎn)線的任務(wù)都能夠得到等分。良好的平衡線，能避免無意義的勞動(dòng)和提高生產(chǎn)率。? 生產(chǎn)線平衡 線平衡的策略是，使生產(chǎn)線足夠靈活，以避免外部和內(nèi)部的違規(guī)行為。有兩種類型的生產(chǎn)線平衡，即：靜態(tài)平衡：指的是幾個(gè)小時(shí)或更長的時(shí)間內(nèi)能力的長期分歧。靜態(tài)失衡是工作站，機(jī)器和人未能得到充分利用的結(jié)果。動(dòng)態(tài)平衡：指短期能的差異，最多不超過幾分鐘或幾個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間。動(dòng)態(tài)不平衡源于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的變化和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)無關(guān)的工作時(shí)間的變化。 勞資平衡和分配 ?生產(chǎn)線的穩(wěn)定策略的傾向是固定的勞動(dòng)的平衡分配。勞資的可行性的一個(gè)重要特征是戰(zhàn)略的靈活性即生產(chǎn)線的個(gè)人技能和能力：當(dāng)一名工人在執(zhí)行分配給他的任務(wù)是有問題，遇到的延遲，由于技術(shù)問題（S），其他工人（S）應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到幫助。當(dāng)一個(gè)工序運(yùn)行出現(xiàn)問題時(shí)，熟練的技工應(yīng)盡快接管其工序。生產(chǎn)線的所有工人應(yīng)交互在各個(gè)工序熟悉工序操作。全技能即在一個(gè)單一的工作中心一個(gè)工人可以處理各種任務(wù)（自動(dòng)化）。 設(shè)備平衡 設(shè)備平衡應(yīng)確保每一臺設(shè)備在工作單元中有相同的工作量?，F(xiàn)在每個(gè)制造商都試圖最大限度地利用所有可用的設(shè)備。如此高的利用率往往適得其反，這可能是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的目標(biāo)，因?yàn)槔寐矢撸ǔ０殡S著高庫存。 設(shè)備故障 ?設(shè)備故障是一項(xiàng)重大而嚴(yán)肅的問題，有可能關(guān)閉一條生產(chǎn)線。為了避免這種故障，應(yīng)確保每個(gè)設(shè)備不會(huì)超載，并且應(yīng)培訓(xùn)工人進(jìn)行日常機(jī)器檢查（預(yù)防性維護(hù)）和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)程序的訓(xùn)練。維護(hù)部和工程部的優(yōu)勢不在于在運(yùn)行后期的變化，因此應(yīng)計(jì)算預(yù)防性維修時(shí)間，并安排活動(dòng)。 分析 線平衡的分析一般由主管技術(shù)人員進(jìn)行。分析之前應(yīng)把流水線分成各個(gè)小任務(wù)，確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的任務(wù)時(shí)間，任務(wù)的排序的規(guī)范和約束的分析與生產(chǎn)線的工作分工。如果瓶頸環(huán)節(jié)的任務(wù)是在于尋找良好的平衡的方式，技術(shù)過硬的員工應(yīng)分析的任務(wù)，以減少所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間來執(zhí)行。 生產(chǎn)線平衡領(lǐng)導(dǎo) 生產(chǎn)線工人應(yīng)致力于生產(chǎn)線平衡而努力，這樣他們才能夠快速應(yīng)對當(dāng)產(chǎn)品和生產(chǎn)率變換導(dǎo)致失衡（靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)）時(shí)迅速作出反應(yīng)。 結(jié)論 生產(chǎn)線平衡的研究，往往聘請有新思路和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人來改變現(xiàn)狀。生產(chǎn)線的設(shè)計(jì)和操作是藝術(shù)多于科學(xué)。工人的靈活性是有效的資源管理的關(guān)鍵所在。工人的檢查和對自己的設(shè)備做小型維修工作的想法可能降低了設(shè)備故障的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。選擇一套合適的平衡機(jī)制是一個(gè)工作單元設(shè)計(jì)的一部分，它必須與許多其他決策系統(tǒng)建立良好的聯(lián)系才能運(yùn)作良好。