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ResearchMethods英語教研室劉泉厚2010 12 14 FromholisticresearchtopartialstudiesSyntheticapproachvsanalyticapproach holisticresearchtopartialstudies綜合法分析法整體部分整體觀成分觀面向內部結構面向外部結構了解過程了解結果 InductiveapproachVsDeductiveapproachExamplesforthese InductiveapproachvsDeductiveapproach歸納法 演繹法1 以數(shù)據(jù)為出發(fā)點以假設為出發(fā)點2 沒有事先形成的看法進行預示3 可以生成假設檢驗假設4 成果 描述或提出假設成果 理論 Qualitativeapproach定性VsQuantitativeapproach定量Whatarethey Onceuponatime anextraterrestrial外星人paidavisittoabigcityinChina DwellingNarrowness QualitativeapproachincludesObservationparticipant參與者Itincinterview taperecording diary camerashooting videono participantobservation judgeinacontest Verbalreporting口頭自述Eg atthattime Iwasjustgoinghome Questionnaire dataanalysis etc 蝸居 Quantitativeapproach1 statisticalmethod randomsampling Rockteatowhitemouse 2 experimentalmethodExperimentalgroupvscontrollinggroup Variables independentvariablevsdependentvariable MethodasivWhilescores performanceasdvModeratevariable moretimeforlearning Controlvariableas sameteacher andbook Qualitativeapproach quantitativeapproachParticipationtoacquireexperienceexperiencetoacquiredata只有通過個人主觀經驗才能認識人類行為只有擺脫主觀狀態(tài)才能了解社會現(xiàn)象的因果關系了解就是移情了解要保持距離依賴定性數(shù)據(jù)依賴定量數(shù)據(jù) Researchasystematicprocessofinquiry 1 aquestion problem orhypothesis2 data 3 analysisandinterpretationofdata 創(chuàng)新的幾個要素 新問題新材料新數(shù)據(jù)新方法新觀點新理論 1 確定方向 選好課題 有價值 有持續(xù)發(fā)展的可能符合自己的興趣愛好自己力所能及 兩種不同目的的研究 1 用國外理論解決中國 中文 的問題 2 用中國 中文 的事實解決國際學術領域的問題 6 理論聯(lián)系實際 教學理論 聯(lián)系教學實際語言理論 聯(lián)系語言實際文學理論 聯(lián)系具體作家 文本和作品翻譯理論 聯(lián)系具體譯作應用英語 聯(lián)系實際工作 業(yè)務 業(yè)務素質 能力等 2 論文題目的確定 大處著眼 小處入手題目盡量反映具體的研究內容和方法 例 ClassroomInteractivePracticesforDevelopingL2Literacy AMicroethnographicStudyofTwoBeginningAdultLearnersofEnglish ANewApproachtoAssessingStrategicLearning TheCaseofSelf RegulationinVocabularyAcquisitionTheRoleofFormulaicLanguageinSecondLanguageAcquisition AReviewTheConstructionofStanceinReportingClauses ACross disciplinaryStudyofTheses 3 摘要的撰寫 例1 Abstract ThreecomponentsofSLAresearch input output internal externalfactorsandinterlanguagesystem havecloserelationwithcognitivelinguistics anddoingresearchontheprocessofSLAperspectivesisofguidingimprotanceandofpracticalvaluetoSLAandcollegeEnglishteaching 例2 ModellingLearningDifficultyandSecondLanguageProficiency TheDifferentialContributionsofImplicitandExplicitKnowledgeRodEllisUniversityofAuckland Thisarticlere examinesthequestionofwhatmakessomegrammaticalstructuresmoredifficulttolearnthanothers arguingthatthisquestioncanonlybeproperlyunderstoodandinvestigatedwithreferencetothedistinctionbetweenimplicitandexplicitknowledgeofasecondlanguage UsingabatteryofteststhatweredesignedtomeasureimplicitandexplicitL2grammaticalknowledgeofseventeengrammaticalstructures Ellis2005 learningdifficultyinrelationtothesetwotypesofknowledgewasinvestigated Theresultsshowedthatstructuresthatwereeasyintermsofimplicitknowledgewereoftendifficultintermsofexplicitknowledgeandsometimesviceversaandthat overall therewasnocorrelationbetweentherankordersofdifficultyofseventeengrammaticalstructuresforthetwotypesofknowledge Acorrelationalanalysisshowedthatthestructuresvariedastowhetheritwasimplicitorexplicitknowledgeofthemthatwasrelatedtoameasureofgenerallanguageproficiency Aregressionanalysisdemonstratedthatbothtypesofknowledgepredictgenerallanguageproficiency 例3 The you have ConstructioninChinese aCognitiveAnalysis InChinese the you have neutral n constructioncanbeusedasanadjectivedenotingpositivedegreesorproperties Forexample 1 Lixiaojieyouliandan youshencai MsLihasfacehasbody MsLihasabeautifulfaceandagoodfigure Previousresearches Zhang 2002 Shi 2004 havefoundthatnotallnounsusedinthisconstructioncanleadtoanadjectivalinterpretation Shi 2004 pointsoutthatthenouninthisconstructionreferstoasocialaverage andthewholeconstructionmeanssomethinglike havingsomethingbetter ormore thanaverage Forexample youliandan haveaface actuallymeans havingabetterthanaverageface or lookingpretty Butwhatspecialsemanticpropertiesdothenounsusedintheconstructionshave Whydosuchconstructionsusuallysuggestapositive orbetter than average interpretation Whatarethecognitivebasesfortheinterpretation Whathavepromptedthespeakertouseaconstructionlikethisinsteadofexplicitlyusingapositiveadjectivebeforethenoun Thesearethequestionsthepresentpapertriestofocusonfromacognitiveperspective Usingdatafrom AdictionaryofModernChinese 2005 theauthorfindsthatnounsthatcanbeusedinthisconstructionarerestrictedinnumberandhavethefollowingproperties 1 havingtodowithbodyparts e g 三圍 threemeasurements thebosom thewaistandthebottom 臉蛋 face 腦袋 head 身材 figure 胸脯 bosom etc 2 denotinghumanproperties e g 地位 position 見解 opinion 價值觀 value 覺悟 consciousness 禮數(shù) manners 力氣 strength 品格 personality etc 3 measurementsandquantity e g 尺度 measurements 水平 level 年紀 age etc Thesenounsareneutralwithrespecttothedegreesofthemeasurementsorquantities socialaverage butwhenusedinthe you have constructiondenotingpossession theyimplyaspecialdegree usuallyapositiveone orabetter than averagevalue Iarguethatthepositiveinterpretationofthistypeof you constructionistheresultofaninteractionbetweentheconstructionandthenouninquestion Asthenounsmostlydenotepropertiesthatpeopledesire theynormallyleadtoapositiveinterpretationwhenusedwith you have Cognitivelyspeaking bymakingsomecommonpropertyasalient prominentpossessionofsomeoneconcerned thepropertyimmediatelybecomesthefigureandthepropertiesthatother average peoplehavebecomethebackground Thefigurethusachievesspecialprominenceincontrasttothebackgroundaverage Usinganeutralnouninthe youconstruction andomittingapositiveadjectiveincreasescognitiveprocessingeffortbutachievestheeffectofbrevity indirectnessandfuzziness Suchconstructionsarealsousedveryofteninparallelsforrhythmandforcefulness 修改意見 Thanksforthis andapologiesforthedelay Letmesaysomethingsabouttheabstract thatIhopeareuseful Onyourtitle IthinkIwouldsay The you have constructioninChinese IthinkIwouldalsoaddaChinesecharacterandanumbersuperscripton you toindicatethetone That tomyeyes wouldmakeitlookalittlemoreserious Firstline Iwouldchangethescarequotes I dsaysomethinglike the you have neutral n etc Samepointasfortitle really Inexample 1 IwouldembellishtheChinesesentencewithtonesandcharacters justtomakeitlookmoreserious Change Previousresearches to Previousresearch and have to has Sameremarksforyouexampleinthelastlineofthisparagraph Typically onedoesn tputquestionsinanabstract Idon tknowwhetherIamoldfashionedbutitseemstomethatabstractsshouldonlycontaindeclaratives Maybeyoucouldfindanalternativewayofexpressingparagraphtwo Thesearejustafewthoughtsabouttheabstract Ithinkabstractsareincrediblyhardthingstowriteandtheyalwaystakemedaysanddaystogetright Ithinkabstractreaders selectioncommittees likepreciseexamplessothattheycanseethegeneraldriftoftheanalysis ifnottheanalysisitself andpersonallyIlikeabstractsthatcontainmaterialthatchallengessomesignificantpieceoftheory thatis thatdonotjustpresentdescriptionsofthings It snicetohaveagoodargumentsometimes 4 關鍵詞的選擇 社科學術論文中關鍵詞的標引 關鍵詞 關鍵詞 關鍵詞標引 規(guī)范標引TheMarkofKeyWordsinSocialAcademicArticles Keywords keywords themarkofkeywords criterion 馬克思勞動價值論爭50年 王璐 思想戰(zhàn)線 200516 關鍵詞 馬克思 勞動 價值觀 爭論 經濟學怎樣成了一門 數(shù)學科學 經濟思想史的一種簡要考察 賈根良 徐尚 南開學報 哲社版 200515 關鍵詞 數(shù)學形式主義 數(shù)學 本位論 實在論 例1 第二代認知科學與概念范疇關鍵詞 范疇 具身哲學 動態(tài)構建 啟示Keywords category embodiment dynamicconstrual implications 例2 TheAcquisitionorderofcoherencerelations OncognitivecomplexityindiscourseKeywords childlanguage discoursecoherence Cognition Dutch AspectinterpretationinRussian apragmaticaccountKeywords aspect Russian Semantics Pragmatics GCI theory 8 結論 與引言和摘要呼應交代問題的提出與本研究的成果指出研究的局限和進一步研究的方向 三線表格的使用 1 先制作一個普通表格 打開菜單 表格 插入表格 選擇列數(shù) 3 行數(shù) 4 文檔中出現(xiàn)一個三列四行的帶框線表格 輸入內容 注意要選 左對齊 2 鼠標移到在表格左上角 出現(xiàn)四向箭頭時選中表格 點黑 打開菜單 格式 邊框和底紋 在設置中選擇 無 取消表格的所有框線 3 再選中表格 打開菜單 格式 邊框和底紋 在線型寬度下拉列表中選擇一條粗一點的線 如1又1 2磅 在右邊的各種實框線中 為表格添加 上 下 框線 確定 4 下面需要添加標題欄的橫線 打開 視圖 工具欄 繪圖 添加繪圖工具欄 點擊繪圖中的直線工具 按住shift鍵 手畫一條與表格線等長的細線 5 此時手繪線可能不在合適的位置 偏上或偏下 按住Alt鍵 用鼠標移動直線到合適的位置上 點擊工具欄上的 打印預覽 就可以看到一個簡單的三線表已經畫好了 還可以修飾一下內容文字 使其與標題文字的位置相配 不同論文寫作的研究方法可以有所側重 也可以融合 附件是參考范文 仔細閱讀 揣摩其方法 紙質版的是本科論文樣本 希望能夠超越之 Diglossia雙言 雙語registervariation語域變體 THANKYOU