減速箱體機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)【鏜φ52H8孔】【鉆8-φ6孔】【說明書+CAD】,鏜φ52H8孔,鉆8-φ6孔,說明書+CAD,減速箱體機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)【鏜φ52H8孔】【鉆8-φ6孔】【說明書+CAD】,減速,箱體,機(jī)械,加工,工藝,夾具,設(shè)計(jì),52,H8,說明書,CAD 文獻(xiàn)綜述： 減速箱體機(jī)械加工工藝及其夾具設(shè)計(jì) 文獻(xiàn)綜述 在做畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)——減速箱體機(jī)械加工工藝及其夾具設(shè)計(jì)之前，需查閱資料了解定量減速箱體的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，預(yù)測設(shè)計(jì)過程中可能遇到的困難找出解決方法，為以后以后具體的設(shè)計(jì)過程作好準(zhǔn)備工作。 一、本課題的研究意義，國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀、水平和發(fā)展趨勢 本課題是箱體加工及其夾具設(shè)計(jì),箱體零件加工屬于典型零件加工,由于箱體零件結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,加工工藝也相對(duì)復(fù)雜,通常都是采用鑄鐵材料。先鑄造成毛坯,然后經(jīng)過時(shí)效處理后,進(jìn)行機(jī)加工,在機(jī)加工過程中,一般采用先面后孔的加工路線。 箱體零件加工具有典型性,對(duì)于我們機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)的學(xué)生來說,通過這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),不僅能夠很好的復(fù)習(xí)、運(yùn)用在四年里學(xué)習(xí)過的知識(shí),而且還能讓我們把各科知識(shí)統(tǒng)一起來,融會(huì)貫通.更全面的了解零件加工工藝過程和夾具設(shè)計(jì)。 在科學(xué)技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展的今天，先進(jìn)加工工藝亦日新月異，主要有以下發(fā)展趨勢： 1.采用模擬技術(shù)，優(yōu)化工藝設(shè)計(jì) 2.成形精度向近無余量方向發(fā)展 3.成形質(zhì)量向近無“缺陷”方向發(fā)展 4.機(jī)械加工向超精密、超高速方向發(fā)展 5.采用新型能源及復(fù)合加工。解決新型材料的加工和表面改性難題 6.采用自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)工藝過程的優(yōu)化控制 7.采用清潔能源及原材料、實(shí)現(xiàn)清潔生產(chǎn) 8.加工與設(shè)計(jì)之間的界限逐漸淡化，并趨向集成及一體化。 9.工藝技術(shù)與信息技術(shù)、管理技術(shù)緊密結(jié)合，先進(jìn)制造生產(chǎn)模式獲得不斷發(fā)展 二、本課題的基本內(nèi)容，預(yù)計(jì)可能遇到的困難，提出解決問題的方法和措施 本課題的基本內(nèi)容是減速箱體的加工工藝過程與夾具設(shè)計(jì)，要研究的主要內(nèi)容有： 1.分析零件圖 在設(shè)計(jì)開始時(shí)，我們應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析零件圖，了解其箱體零件的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和相關(guān)的技術(shù)要求，對(duì)箱體零件的每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都應(yīng)仔細(xì)分析，如箱體加工表面的平行度、粗糙度、垂直度，特別是要注意箱體零件的各孔系自身的精度（同軸度、圓度、粗糙度等）和它們的相互位置精度（軸線之間的平行度、垂直度以及軸線與平面之間的平行度、垂直度等要求），箱體零件的尺寸是整個(gè)零件加工的關(guān)鍵，必須弄清箱體零件的每一個(gè)尺寸。我們采用AutoCAD軟件繪制零件圖，一方面增加對(duì)零件的了解認(rèn)識(shí)，另一方面增加我們對(duì)CAD軟件的熟悉。 2.工藝分析 箱體零件的工藝分析是整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，在設(shè)計(jì)過程中，我們必須根據(jù)批量等嚴(yán)格地選擇毛坯、擬定工藝路線（注意：基準(zhǔn)選擇、定位、夾緊等問題）、確定加工余量、計(jì)算工藝尺寸、計(jì)算工時(shí)定額和每一步的工時(shí)以及分析定位誤差，為了與實(shí)際加工相吻合，我們還必須對(duì)加工設(shè)備、切削用量、加工方法等進(jìn)行選擇和設(shè)計(jì)，這個(gè)階段內(nèi)容較多，涉及的范圍也較廣。為了設(shè)計(jì)的參數(shù)合理，我們必須廣泛的查閱相關(guān)的書籍，達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)的合理性和實(shí)用性。 3.設(shè)計(jì)兩套專用夾具 在設(shè)計(jì)夾具的過程中，主要要考慮的問題有： ① 基準(zhǔn)選擇：在選擇基準(zhǔn)的時(shí)候，要注意區(qū)分粗基準(zhǔn)與精基準(zhǔn)以及要了解基準(zhǔn)的選擇原則，同時(shí)要知道基準(zhǔn)的選擇既要滿足選擇原則，同時(shí)還要方便定位和夾緊，以免引起不必要的加工誤差，在基準(zhǔn)選擇完之后就要考慮用什么元件進(jìn)行定位。 ② 限制的自由度：在裝夾的過程中，要注意自由度的限制，必須做到準(zhǔn)確的定位，不能出現(xiàn)欠定位或過定位。 ③ 夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)：設(shè)計(jì)夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)時(shí)必須計(jì)算分析夾緊力和切削力，不能出現(xiàn)夾緊力過小而使工件在切削的過程中出現(xiàn)松動(dòng)而影響精度，也不能出現(xiàn)因夾緊力過大而使工件變形影響工件質(zhì)量。同時(shí)，還要根據(jù)零件生產(chǎn)批量和生產(chǎn)率的考慮來選擇夾緊方式（手動(dòng)、氣動(dòng)或液壓夾緊）。 ④ 夾具的用途：為了工件定位準(zhǔn)確和夾緊的快速，提高效率和降低工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高箱體零件加工精度和安裝找正方便，我們要采用專用的銑床夾具和鏜床夾具。同時(shí)，因?yàn)殂姶矈A具有T形槽、鏜床夾具有鏜模等特殊結(jié)構(gòu)，因此還要考慮夾具與機(jī)床的匹配，即機(jī)床的工作臺(tái)尺寸和結(jié)構(gòu)能否滿足夾具的安裝。 在夾具設(shè)計(jì)過程中，我們統(tǒng)一采用以底面為主要定位面來進(jìn)行加工，因?yàn)槲覀兾磳ｉT學(xué)習(xí)過夾具的設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算，所以工件量大大地增加了，只有通過在實(shí)習(xí)過程中對(duì)夾具的感性認(rèn)識(shí)和夾具設(shè)計(jì)參考書以及夾具圖冊來進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算，所以夾具的設(shè)計(jì)是整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的重點(diǎn)，也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。 夾具的設(shè)計(jì)必須要保證夾具的準(zhǔn)確定位和機(jī)構(gòu)合理，考慮夾具的定位誤差和安裝誤差。我將通過對(duì)工件與夾具的認(rèn)真分析，結(jié)合一些夾具的具體設(shè)計(jì)事例，查閱相關(guān)的夾具設(shè)計(jì)資料，聯(lián)系在工廠看到的一些箱體零件加工的夾具來解決這些問題。 三、可行性分析 減速箱體零件結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，其主要特點(diǎn)是平面多、孔多，孔的尺寸精度和相互位置精度要求高，它的作用是讓該部件內(nèi)各有關(guān)零件（如軸、軸承、齒輪等）保持正確的相互位置，彼此按照一定的傳動(dòng)關(guān)系工作，所以，箱體零件的加工質(zhì)量，直接影響車床的精度、性能和壽命。 本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中，為了保證減速箱體加工工藝的合理性、實(shí)用性以及加工精度等要求，我們在圖書館努力收集有關(guān)箱體零件加工實(shí)例；同時(shí)結(jié)合我們在成都內(nèi)燃機(jī)廠里對(duì)柴油機(jī)箱體零件的加工過程以及其夾具的認(rèn)識(shí)來提高我們工藝路線的實(shí)用性。 減速箱體零件加工工藝過程中，我們必須保證其箱體零件的主要加工平面和孔系的加工精度和箱體部件的裝配精度，其主要技術(shù)要求為： 主要平面的形狀精度、相互位置精度和表面粗糙度箱體的主要平面一般都是裝配和加工中的定位基準(zhǔn)，直接影響箱體與機(jī)體總裝時(shí)的相對(duì)位置和接觸剛度，也影響箱體加工中的定位精度，主要結(jié)合平面須經(jīng)刮研或磨屑等精加工，以保證接觸良好，減速箱體的主要平面為底面，它不僅是裝配的基準(zhǔn)面，而且是加工中的主要定位基準(zhǔn)面，因此我們必須對(duì)它進(jìn)行精細(xì)加工。 支承孔之間的相互位置精度：箱體上齒輪嚙合的孔系之間，應(yīng)有一定的孔距尺寸精度和平行度要求，否則會(huì)影響到齒輪的嚙合精度，使工作時(shí)產(chǎn)生噪聲和振動(dòng)，并影響齒輪使用壽命，這項(xiàng)精度主要取決于傳動(dòng)齒輪得中心距允差和齒輪嚙合的精度，同一軸線的孔應(yīng)有一定的同軸度要求，否則不僅軸的裝配困難，并且使軸的回轉(zhuǎn)精度不良，加劇軸承的磨損和發(fā)熱，溫度升高，影響機(jī)器的精度和正常工作 支承孔與平面間的相互位置精度：箱體的主要支承孔與裝配基面的位置由該部件裝配后的精度要求確定。為了保證三個(gè)軸孔的加工精度和位置精度要求，我們在進(jìn)行加工時(shí)，以底面作為精基準(zhǔn)定位，并且把加工過程分為粗、精加工兩個(gè)階段，提高其精度要求，保證其位置關(guān)系，在進(jìn)行鏜孔時(shí)，我們設(shè)計(jì)了專用的夾具，以此減少人工劃線找正的難度，提高了生產(chǎn)率和精度要求。 因此，我相信我們對(duì)減速箱體零件工藝規(guī)程及夾具設(shè)計(jì)有合理性和實(shí)用性。 在做畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)——減速箱體機(jī)械加工工藝及其夾具設(shè)計(jì)之前，需查閱資料了解定量減速箱體的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，預(yù)測設(shè)計(jì)過程中可能遇到的困難找出解決方法，為以后以后具體的設(shè)計(jì)過程作好準(zhǔn)備工作。 四、選題理由 箱體零件加工屬于典型零件加工,由于箱體零件結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,加工工藝也相對(duì)復(fù)雜，機(jī)械加工工藝制定的正確與否，直接關(guān)系到產(chǎn)品是否能夠順利進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工的關(guān)鍵，產(chǎn)品加工能否達(dá)到所需的尺寸精度和表面粗糙度要求關(guān)鍵；也關(guān)系到零件加工的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。 夾具的設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)系到零件在加工過程中的位置是否準(zhǔn)確、可靠、裝夾方便和安全，也關(guān)系到機(jī)加工的精度。對(duì)于我們機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)的學(xué)生來說,通過這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),不僅能夠很好的復(fù)習(xí)、運(yùn)用在四年里學(xué)習(xí)過的知識(shí),而且還能讓我們把各科知識(shí)統(tǒng)一起來,融會(huì)貫通.更全面的了解零件加工工藝過程和夾具設(shè)計(jì)。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1]李慶余.張佳機(jī).械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì). 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1997 [2]機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊編委會(huì).機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社-3版，2004.8 [3]王曉林.制造技術(shù)與機(jī)床.機(jī)床雜志社 [4]雷天覺.液壓工程手冊. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1990 [5]王隆太．先進(jìn)制造技術(shù).揚(yáng)州大學(xué)，2003 [6]李洪.機(jī)械加工工藝手冊.北京：北京出版社，1990.12 [7]張桂香.機(jī)電類專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指南.北京；機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2005.1 [8]濮良貴.紀(jì)名剛.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì). 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1999 [9] Machine Tools N.chernor 1984. [10] Machine Tools Netalworking John L.Feirer 1973 [11] Handbook of Machine Tools Manfred weck 1984 本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）文獻(xiàn)綜述評(píng)價(jià)表 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目 減速箱體機(jī)械加工工藝及其夾具設(shè)計(jì) 綜述名稱 減速箱體機(jī)械加工工藝及其夾具設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)綜述 評(píng)閱教師姓名 楊光春 職稱 高級(jí)工程師 評(píng) 價(jià) 項(xiàng) 目 優(yōu) 良 合格 不合格 綜述結(jié)構(gòu) 01 文獻(xiàn)綜述結(jié)構(gòu)完整、符合格式規(guī)范 綜述內(nèi)容 02 能準(zhǔn)確如實(shí)地闡述參考文獻(xiàn)作者的論點(diǎn)和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 03 文字通順、精練、可讀性和實(shí)用性強(qiáng) 04 反映題目所在知識(shí)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的新動(dòng)態(tài)、新趨勢、新水平、新原理、新技術(shù)等 參考文獻(xiàn) 05 中、英文參考文獻(xiàn)的類型和數(shù)量符合規(guī)定要求，格式符合規(guī)范 06 圍繞所選畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目搜集文獻(xiàn) 成績 綜合評(píng)語： 評(píng)閱教師（簽字）： 年 月 日 英文原文： SHAFT AND GEAR DESIGN Abstract: The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can' t falter in traditional machine and modern machines. The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways Key words : Wheel gear ; Shaft In the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane .We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions.The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid. The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side byside on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft,the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power There is on difference between a crossed heli cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is , a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm. . A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of doubleenveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand ofhelix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90-deg. Shaft angle When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered. Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity In these cases it is often go od design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered. It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength tobe important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time The word "shaft" covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle. When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits Whenever possible, the power-transruission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress. Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment, and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake two in ertias 11 and 12 traveling at the respective angular velocities Wl and W2, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall beinterested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows 1. Rim type with internally expanding shoes 2. Rim type with externally contracting shoes 3。 Band type 4. Disk or axial type 5． Cone type 6. Miscellaneous type The analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary 1. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces 2. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point 3. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others. A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a greatmany teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to "freewheel" or "overrun" because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained Introduciton of Machining Have a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majorityof the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete. Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the largescale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing. Primary Cutting Parameters Cutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool. Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry - to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics - for each cutting process must be correct. Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts - with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material the lower the rate. Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。 Depth of penetration of a cutting tool - to inches dollars - is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth. Wears of Cutting To01 We already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vicebladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This resultsfrom a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of t he work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse, the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise. The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures In metal cutting operations heat is ge