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1、Space Invader,,1,,2,,,On the subway, open spaces create a zone of comfort.,3,,,Armrests on a long bench in Central Park allow for ample breathing room.,4,In Union Square, a few feet between women goes a long way toward easing tensions about being in a busy area.,5,SPACE INVADERS,Pre-reading question

2、s What is the definition of “personal space”? Is personal space important to you? Why or why not? Are there any examples when you have felt that your personal space was being invaded. Can you describe these? How did you feel when this happened?,6,What is personal space?,Personal space can be viewed

3、as an extension of the human body. Therere different types/zones of personal space. What are them? There are four distinct zones of personal space: the intimate zone, for whispering and embracing; the personal zone, for conversing with close friends; the social zone, for conversing with acquaintance

4、s; and the public zone, for interacting with strangers.,7,Personal space can be imagined as a kind of bubble surrounding a person that protects his or her privacy and which other people may not normally enter. Allowing somebody to get very close and enter your personal space may be a sign of trust o

5、r love. On the other hand, intruding others personal space can be rather offensive. The amount of space people need to feel around them varies with various factors, such as culture, sex, familiarity between people, crowdedness of the situation, etc. For example:,Cultural information 1,Audiovisual su

6、pplement,,Cultural information,8, people from cultures that like a lot of personal space feel awkward and embarrassed when somebody comes too close to them; people of the same sex may sit or stand closer to each other than to somebody of the opposite sex; strangers and casual acquaintances usually n

7、eed more space than friends and members of the same family who know each other well; in a noisy street people may need to stand closer than they would normally, simply in order to hear each other.,Cultural information 2,Audiovisual supplement,,Cultural information,9,,Is “personal space” a term of th

8、e seventies? Is it out of date nowadays? Can you think of any other trouble we have nowadays?,10,Structural analysis,Part I,(Paragraphs 1 2): The writer calls the readers attention to the invasion of personal space by relating an experience of how his personal space was invaded.,,Part II,(Paragraphs

9、 3 7): The writer analyzes some likely causes of the shrinkage of personal space, and attributes the invasion of personal space to the general decline of good manners.,,Part III,(Paragraph 8 9): The author presents his view about the essence of personal space, i.e. it is psychological, rather than p

10、hysical, and urges people to “expand the contracting boundaries of personal space”.,,11,1. until we were all hugger-mugger ... like a Slinky. (Paragraph 1) 2. The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, ... (Paragraph 2) 3. ... Ive wondered if its the season: , much less). (Paragraph 4) 4. Or perhaps

11、the proliferation ... keep to themselves. (Paragraph 4) 5. we allow all kinds ... without them.) (Paragraph 5) 6. “Dont tread on me” ... with a spread. (Paragraph 5),sentence paraphrase,12,7. The logistics of it vary according to geography. (Paragraph 5) 8. The decline of manners has been widely lam

12、ented. (Paragraph 6) 9. Ive also noticed an... manifest destiny. (Paragraph 7) 10. ... individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes. (Paragraph 7) 11. personal space is psychological, not physical: ... inner space. (Paragraph 8) 12. In the same way that the br

13、eeze ...boundaries of personal space. (Paragraph 9),sentence paraphrase,13,Detailed reading1 until we were ,1. until we were all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky. (Paragraph 1),Paraphrase:, until we were all pushing against each oth

14、er, leaving the line in disorder.,Detailed reading,2. The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it ... (Paragraph 2),The phrase “personal space” sounds old-fashioned and reminds one of the seventies ...,Paraphrase:,14,Detailed reading4 ... Ive wondered ,3. ... Ive wondered if its t

15、he season: T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less). (Paragraph 4),Paraphrase:,... it has passed through my mind that maybe the cause (of the space invasion) is the season: summer may make people want to be closer to those whose physical attraction is revealed by light s

16、ummer clothing (though it may also make them wish to move further away from those smelling unpleasantly of perspiration).,Detailed reading,15,Detailed reading4 Or perhaps ,4. Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan is infusing so much caffeine into the already jangling locals that p

17、eople can no longer keep to themselves. (Paragraph 4),Paraphrase:,Or perhaps the increasing coffee bars in Manhattan ... attract more and more people, who are stimulated and excited by the caffeine they take in, so that they become eager to meet others and no longer want to remain in private.,Detail

18、ed reading,16,Detailed reading5 we allow,5. we allow all kinds of invasions of personal space in private. (Humanity wouldnt exist without them.) (Paragraph 5),Paraphrase:, privately we allow people with whom we have close relationships to enter our personal space in a variety of ways. (Indeed, in th

19、e absence of sexual intimacy, none of us would be here.),Detailed reading,17,Detailed reading5 The logistics,7. The logistics of it vary according to geography. (Paragraph 5),Paraphrase:,People in different regions are given different sizes of personal space.,Detailed reading,6. “Dont tread on me” c

20、ould have been coined only by someone with a spread. (Paragraph 5),“Dont step into my space.” This could only have been invented by people who have a farm and thus a large space all their own.,Paraphrase:,18,Detailed reading6 The decline of,8. The decline of manners has been widely lamented. (Paragr

21、aph 6),Paraphrase:,Many have expressed regret at the deterioration of manners.,Detailed reading,19,Detailed reading7 Ive also noticed,9. Ive also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders, mini-territorial expansionists who seize public space with a sense of manifest dest

22、iny. (Paragraph 7),Paraphrase:,Ive also noticed that the problem of space invasion has become more and more serious, and that space invaders, acting in the way territorial expansionists usually do, take it for granted that they have the right to seize public space.,Detailed reading,20,Detailed readi

23、ng6-7 ... individuals routinely,10. ... individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes. (Paragraph 7),Paraphrase:,... individuals, as usual, occupy the booths and seats which are designed for four people.,Detailed reading,21,Detailed reading8 personal space,11.

24、personal space is psychological, not physical: it has less to do with the space outside us than with our inner space. (Paragraph 8),Paraphrase:,... personal space is more a psychological matter than a physical one. As far as we feel comfortable in our mind, it does not matter whether our physical pe

25、rsonal space is large or small.,Detailed reading,22,Detailed reading9 In the same,12. In the same way that the breeze from a butterflys wings in Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space. (Paragraph 9),Paraphrase:,T

26、he author hopes that his own stand against the shrinking of personal space, while small in itself, will nonetheless eventually have a dramatic effect in the same way as the breeze from a butterflys wings in Japan, if it initiates a chain of waves, may eventually produce a tidal wave in California.,D

27、etailed reading,23,Detailed study - Para.1,The author is very careful with his choice of words in his description. Describe the actions in words. A series of verb phrases and adverbs are used to vividly describe the process.,Text Analysis -Part,24,I was at the bank,I was standing in a line snaking a

28、round some tired velvet rope.,drooping, loosened or slackened,25,,A murderous knife Those purposeless days Carrie leads quite a busy life. 西雅圖不眠夜 Sleepless Seatle Transferred epithet: in which an adj. properly modifying one noun is shifted to an other noun in the same sentence. Eg: the workers are r

29、epairing the building on a dizzy height. He was ashamed of his humble scores an the examination.,26,移位修飾(transferred epithet),將本應(yīng)該用來修飾某一類名詞的修飾語用來修飾另一類名詞。例如： There was a short, thoughtful silence. 出現(xiàn)了一陣短暫的、令人沉思的寂靜。 The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. 老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。 He closed his bu

30、sy life at the age of sixty. 在六十歲時(shí)他結(jié)束了他那忙碌的一生。 This is the cheapest market in this country. 這是這個(gè)國(guó)家最便宜的市場(chǎng)了。,27,Vivid description,1. a man in a sweat-suit; 2. me; 3. the woman reading the Wall Street Journal; 4. the man scribbling a check; 5. white-haired lady,inching toward,advanced toward,sidle up t

31、o,shuffled toward,,,,,in his eagerness,minutely,in mild annoyance,absent-mindedly,,Chain effects: cause chaos,28,,We were so hugger-mugger.,“the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky.”,slow a line that is not straight and ordered,,原本松松垮垮的隊(duì)伍早已擠做一團(tuán)，跟壓縮的彈簧似的。,29,Slinky as a toy

32、,,“機(jī)靈鬼”，一種用軟彈簧做成的會(huì)翻跟頭的玩具,30,slinky as adj.,Sextually attractive,,31,Self-learning -inch, sidle,inch forward, past, through: v. move slowly and carefully in a specified direction He inched his way through a narrow passage. sidle over/up to sb. sidle along, past, away: v. walk in a quiet or cautious w

33、ay, as if you dont want anyone to notice you A man sidled up to me and asked if I wanted a ticket for the match.,32,shuffle,v. walk without lifting your feet properly off the ground He slipped on his shoes and shuffled out of the room. shuffle around: v. move your feet about while standing or move y

34、our bottom around while sitting, often because you feel uncomfortable or embarrassed. She shuffled around in her chair. He shuffled the question off and changed the topic. She shuffled out of the chores by saying that she was ill.,33,Translation,囚犯?jìng)冄刂呃韧现_步進(jìn)入牢房。 The prisoners shuffled along the corr

35、idor and into their cells. 他一向總是能狡猾地?cái)[脫任何困難，我們不知道他這回又要耍什么花招。 Hes always been able to shuffle out of any difficulty. We dont know how he will do this time. 物價(jià)在緩慢下降. Prices are inching down.,34,Para.2 -personal space,What is the writers personal space? 18/1 foot/10/”impossible to measure” “has a quaint

36、, seventies ring to it.” “Like the tweleve limit around national shores” “our individual border which no stranger can penetrate without making us uneasy”,1 inch=2.54 cm 1 foot=30cm,Analogy 類比,35,What is “ personal space”?,“Imaginary bubble” - feel comfortable； “individual boundary or terrotory”- mor

37、e phychlogical than phisical; Moveable/changeable,,Proxemics(空間關(guān)系學(xué)),The study of the distance between people as they interact In close proximity to,36,Zones for personal space,Intimate distance: (0-1.5 feet) between close friends, family members; show affection, give comfort or protect. Personal dis

38、tance: (1.5-4 feet) most conversation. Social distance/: (4-10 feet)less personal situations, in business or workshop. Public distance: (10 feet)lecture, churches, public gathering.,37,Paraphrase,The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it, but it is one of those gratifying expres

39、sions that are intuitively understood by all human beings. The phrase sounds old-fashioned and reminds people of seventies, but it is an expression that will make people feel satisfied and that is instinctively understood.,38,ring,singular a particular quality that something such as a statement seem

40、s to have:Her account has a ring of authenticity about it.have a ring of truth: His version of events had a ring of truth.have a familiar ring: This story may have a familiar ring to it.,39,,Text Analysis -Part,40,Para.3-examples of space invasion,In our daily life, can you give some examples of per

41、sonal space invasion? Funny examples: how close is too close? Examples in the text: In elevators; on the street; on the subway; in lines at the airport Wedge in, zigzag, jostle, no longer carve out zones, press forward,41,,Buses, elevators, theatres and many other similar places tend to reduce perso

42、nal space. People routinely find themselves in such situations tend to have smaller personal space and more tolerance for space invasion.,42,wedge,v. force into a narrow space; fix sth. in position by using a wedge or sth. else 把門打開，用報(bào)紙抵住門讓它開著。 Open the door and wedge it open with newspapers. 用一些紙片塞

43、在桌腳, 那樣它就不會(huì)搖晃了. Wedge pieces of paper in between the leg and the floor and it wont be shaky any more. 我如果不在的話，把作業(yè)塞進(jìn)門縫吧。 If Im not in, wedge your homework under the door.,43,,jostle: v. It was so sad the once-intimate brothers now jostled with each other for the legacy left by their father. press: v.

44、 很多人擠在她身邊，她進(jìn)不了門。 So many people pressed around her that she couldnt get into the house. 支持者們圍著她，爭(zhēng)相要她的簽名。 Fans were pressing around her, all trying to get her autograph.,44,Fidget,fidget (about) (with sth) : v. you keep moving your hands or feet slightly or changing your position slightly, for exampl

45、e because you are nervous, bored, or excited. It is bad manners to fidget about with the knives and forks at table. 她經(jīng)常為她母親的健康而煩躁不安。 She is always fidgeting about her mothers health. fidgety: adj. restless or inclined to fidget,45,Malthusian Logic 馬爾薩斯人口論,Thomas Robert Malthus: British economist and

46、 clergyman. Essay on Population He argued that without the practice of “moral restraint” the population tends to increase at a greater rate than its means of subsistence, unless war, famine, or disease or efforts are made to limit population.,46,Paraphrase,T-shirt weather can make proximity more all

47、uring (or much, much less). Summer may either make people want to be closer to each other or more likely, keep a distance between each other.,47,Manhattan,,Manhattan Island, an island in New York city surrounded by the Hudson, East, and Harlem rivers,48,Language work,(Sth) is relentless: adj. sth ba

48、d never stops or never becomes less intense. 我快要瘋了，鄰居的小孩不停在哭。 The relentless crying of a child of the neighbor dries me crazy. (Sb) is relentless: adj. determined to do sth and refuse to give up, even if what is being done is unpleasant or cruel. Relentless in his pursuit of knowledge, he became a w

49、ell-respected scholar. relent: v. decide to be less strict, determined or harsh The pressure for us to finish the project in time will not relent.,49,infuse,vt. Fill with 注入 Infuse sb with sth Infuse sth into sb His speech infused the men with a desire to win.,50,Keep to,Keep to the point; dont try

50、to shuffle off the concerned topic. Things will only work out if we all keep to the plan. She is old and feeble, so that she always keeps to the house. Nobody knows him much for he usually keeps to himself. I will be very grateful if you can keep it to yourself.,51,Para.5-Geographical differences,Th

51、e amount of space people need to feel around them varies with various factors, such as culture, sex, familiarity between people, crowdedness of the situation, etc. More PS less PS in Colorado (US) in Calcutta (India) Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Englishmen Brazilians,Point-to-point co

52、ntrast,52,,Tread on Tread on sbs toe Tread on air踐踏 Someone with a spread,53,Impudent space invaders,Ive also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders, mini-territorial expansionists who seize the public space with a sense of manifest destiny. Ive also noticed that the p

53、roblem of space invasion becomes more and more serious, and those space invaders, acting in the same way as the territorial expansionist usually do, seize public space as a matter of course.,54,Manifest destiny天定命運(yùn)論,,55,ranks,the ranks: the people who belong to a particular group or organization The

54、 democrats now face opposition from within their ranks. That summer I left school and joined the ranks of the unemployed. 越來越多黨內(nèi)人士不支持黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層. The party leadership is loosing support in the ranks.,56,,Do you agree with the writers view in this respect, or what do you think can other factors cause it?,5

55、7,,Text Analysis Part ,58,Language work: lament,lament (for/over) sth: v. express sadness, regret, or disappointment about it. (mainly formal or written) Ken began to lament (for) the death of his only son. lament that: v. to express annoyance or disappointment about something you think is unsatisfa

56、ctory or unfair He lamented that his boss had expected too much of him.,59,Exercise,他們把成功歸因于老師的鼓勵(lì)。 They attribute their success to their teachers encouragement.,60,Para.4-7（8）,What are the possible reasons for the tendency? More people, less space; The season makes proximity more alluring/less; Stim

57、ulating effects of caffeine; Cultural and geographical difference in personal space;,61,,5. The decline of manners; 6. Impudent space invaders ( mini-territorial expansionists). 7. The shrinkage of our psychological space.,62,Para.8&9,How do you understand the authors opinion “personal space is psyc

58、hological, not physical”? “I suspect that the shrinking of personal space is directly proportional to the expansion of self-absorption.” The more self-absorbed people become in society, the less they care about others, the smaller personal space left for everyone, the more personal space invasions.,

59、63,Human Genome Project,An attempt to discover all the genetic information in the human body,64,M.R.I.,magnetic resonance imaging a system for producing electronic pictures of the organs inside a human body, using radio waves and a strong magnetic field,,65,To make an appeal,The author made an appea

60、l by stating what he was going to do when encountering space invasion. He refused to move closer to another person even if his own space was being invaded by others.,66,The butterfly effect,Experience at the bank A small change at one place in a complex system can have large effects elsewhere. Depen

61、dence on initial conditions,67,The Butterfly Effect,The Butterfly Effect --- Edward Lorenz, 1972 “Chaos Theory” The flap of a butterflys wings in Brazil may set off a tornado in Texas. The phrase refers to the idea that a butterflys wings might create tiny changes in the atmosphere that may ultimate

62、ly alter the path of a tornado or delay, accelerate or even prevent the occurrence of a tornado in a certain location.,68,,In plain language, tiny changes within a complex system lead to results that are impossible to predict. Domino effect,69,Translation reference,1. The pigeon wedged itself in the

63、 fork of a branch but fell off/down after a while. 2. How much the driver should pay is proportional to the amount of damage he has done to the others car. 3. Only by inching through a long and narrow tunnel on your stomach can you enter the cave. 4. She stammered some apologies, while sidling towar

64、d the door.,70,Translation reference,5. He took pains to explain to me that the reason for firing me was not that I did not work efficiently, but that the company could not pay my salary. 6. The enlistment of young soldiers infuses new hope and morale into the army. 7. Once some elder boys stake a claim to the lawn, other children dare not go there to play. 8. Someone following her made her so uneasy that she could not help quickening her steps.,71,