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111 Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars 單元要點(diǎn)預(yù)覽（旨在讓同學(xué)整體了解本單元要點(diǎn)） 詞匯 部分 詞語(yǔ) 辨析 1. loudly / loud / aloud 2. unlike / dislike 3. remain / leave 4. climate / weather 5. now that / since / because / as 詞形 變化 1. violent adj.強(qiáng)暴的，猛烈的 violence n.暴力，強(qiáng)暴；猛烈 violently adv. 強(qiáng)暴地；猛烈地 2. fundamental adj.基本(礎(chǔ))的n.[pl.]基本原則(法則) fundamentally adv. 基本地；根本地 fundament n. 基礎(chǔ)；根本 3. development n.生長(zhǎng)，發(fā) 展；新情況 develop vt.發(fā)展；產(chǎn)生 vi.生長(zhǎng)；發(fā)展 developed adj. 發(fā)達(dá)的developing adj. 發(fā)展的 4. lay vt.放下；擺設(shè)；產(chǎn)(蛋) lay---laid---laid---laying lie vi. 躺，平放；位于 lie---lay---lain---lying lie n.&vi. 謊話；說(shuō)謊 lie---lied---lied---lying 5. prevent vt. 預(yù)防，防止 prevention n.預(yù)防；阻止；妨礙 preventable adj.可防止的，可預(yù)防的 6. gentle adj.和藹的；輕柔的 gently adv.溫和地；靜靜地 7. physics n.物理，物理學(xué) physicist n.物理學(xué)家 physical adj.身體的；物理(學(xué))的；物質(zhì)的 重點(diǎn) 單詞 1. system n.[c] 系統(tǒng)；體系；制度；方法 2. lay vt. (laid, laid, laying) 把……放下；擺設(shè)；鋪(地毯) ；產(chǎn)(蛋) 3. harmful adj. 有害的；傷害的 4. exist vi. 存在；生存 5. puzzle v.(使)迷惑；(使)苦思 n.謎；難題 6. pull v.拉，拖，拔；移動(dòng) n.拉，拖；拉(引)力 7. cheer vt.&vi. (使)高興、振奮；(對(duì))歡呼 重點(diǎn) 詞組 1. to begin with 以……開(kāi)始；由……作為開(kāi)頭；首先 2. in time 及時(shí)；最終；遲早 3. in one’ s turn 輪到某人；接著 4. prevent...from 使……不做事；阻止……做某事 5. block out 擋住（光線） 6. be off = set off 出發(fā)；動(dòng)身；不用上班/學(xué)/開(kāi)張 7. break out (災(zāi)難、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等)突發(fā)；爆發(fā) 8. watch out 密切注視；當(dāng)心；提防 重點(diǎn)句子 1. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapour, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases, which were to make the earth’ s atmosphere. 2. That made it possible for life to begin to develop. 3. But when I tried to step forward I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over. 重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法 賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句（見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法部分） 語(yǔ)言要點(diǎn)（模塊） Ⅰ.詞語(yǔ)辨析 (旨在提供完形填空所需材料) 1. loudly / loud / aloud 【解釋】 loudly adv 響亮地，高聲地 loud adj/adv與sing, speak, talk連用 aloud adv 相對(duì)默讀而言；出聲 【練習(xí)】根據(jù)句子的意思在括號(hào)里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。 1). Will you please speak ______? 2). It is good for you to read English ______ every morning. 3). The bomb exploded ______. 4). Is her voice ______ enough ? 5). Action speaks ______ than words (事實(shí)勝于雄辯). Keys: 1). louder 2). aloud 3). loudly 4). loud 5). louder 2. unlike / dislike 【解釋】 unlike prep. 不像，和……不同 adj. [作表語(yǔ)] 不相似；不同 dislike vt./n. 不喜愛(ài)，厭惡 【練習(xí)】根據(jù)句子的意思在括號(hào)里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。 1). A good hotel manager should know his regular guests’ likes and ______. 2). Her latest novel is quite ______ her earlier work. 3). If you go on like that you’ ll get yourself _______ (like). 4). I was very interested in the lecture, ______ many of the students. Keys: 1). dislikes 2). unlike 3). disliked 4). unlike 3. remain/leave 【解釋】 remain vi. 仍然是；留下；剩下 常用句型：remain + n. 仍然是 remain + adj./adv./prep. 仍然是 remain + v-ed/v-ing 仍然是 remain to be done有待去做，依然要做 leave vt. 剩下，忽略或未拿或未帶（某物），使或讓（某人、事物）處某狀態(tài)﹑某地等 常用句型：leave sb. sth. / leave sth. to sb. 給某人留下某物 leave sth (for sb) 留下，交待下(某物) leave sth to sb 將某物遺贈(zèng)給某人 remaining/left兩者都可以作形容詞，表示“剩下的”，前者用于被修飾的名詞之前，后者用于被修飾的名詞之后。 【練習(xí)】根據(jù)句子的意思在括號(hào)里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。 1). Someone ______ you this note while you were out. 2). After the earthquake, little ______ of the village. 3). He used the ______ money to buy a dictionary. 4). After buying the dictionary, he had not much money______. 5). Arriving home, I found that I’ d ______ my key in the office. 6). Don’ t leave her ______ (wait) outside in the rain. 7). She remained _______ (change) after all these years. 8). A great many things remain _______ (do). Keys: 1). left 2). remained 3). remaining 4). left 5). left 6). waiting 7). unchanged 8). to be done 4. climate / weather 【解釋】 climate指從長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的范圍來(lái)看某地的平均氣候或經(jīng)常性的氣候； weather指某地一時(shí)的天氣，如寒暖、晴雨和干濕的變化情況。 【練習(xí)】根據(jù)句子的意思在括號(hào)里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。 1). We shall go out for a picnic tomorrow if the _______ is fine. 2). A drier _______ would be good for your health. 3). I couldn’t imagine what it would be like to live in a hot ________. 4). The _______ of our country is mild, but individual places experience bad ________. Keys: 1). weather 2). climate 3). climate 4). climate; weather 5. now that / since / because / as 【解釋】 都可引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)的是because，引導(dǎo)直接而明確的原因，也用來(lái)回答why的問(wèn)句或用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型；其次是since/now that，表示已知或明顯的原因，再次是as，引導(dǎo)的原因是不言而喻、顯而易見(jiàn)的；for引導(dǎo)的是并列分句，表推測(cè)或判斷的原因，前面有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。 【練習(xí)】根據(jù)句子的意思在括號(hào)里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。 1). _______ everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. 2) It was _______ he was ill that he didn’ t go to school. 3). It must have rained last night, _______ the ground is all wet. 4). _______ we are alone, we can speak freely. Keys: 1). since/now that 2). because 3). for 4). Now (that) Ⅱ.詞性變化（旨在提供語(yǔ)法填空所需材料） 1. violent adj.強(qiáng)暴的，猛烈的 violence n.暴力，強(qiáng)暴；猛烈 violently adv. 強(qiáng)暴地；猛烈地 2. fundamental adj.基本(礎(chǔ))的n.[pl.]基本原則(法則) fundamentally adv. 基本地；根本地 fundament n. 基礎(chǔ)；根本 3. development n.生長(zhǎng)，發(fā) 展；新情況 develop vt.發(fā)展；產(chǎn)生 vi.生長(zhǎng)；發(fā)展 developed adj. 發(fā)達(dá)的developing adj. 發(fā)展的 4. lay vt.放下；擺設(shè)；產(chǎn)(蛋) lay---laid---laid---laying lie vi. 躺，平放；位于 lie---lay---lain---lying lie n.&vi. 謊話；說(shuō)謊 lie---lied---lied---lying 5. prevent vt. 預(yù)防，防止 prevention n.預(yù)防；阻止；妨礙 preventable adj.可防止的，可預(yù)防的 6. gentle adj.和藹的；輕柔的 gently adv.溫和地；靜靜地 7. physics n.物理，物理學(xué) physicist n.物理學(xué)家 physical adj.身體的；物理(學(xué))的；物質(zhì)的 【練習(xí)】用括號(hào)內(nèi)所提供詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1). The naughty boy _______ (lie) to me that the hen that _______ (lie) there just now had ______ (lay) two eggs the day before. 2). In my opinion, ________ (prevent) is more important than treatment. 3). Some programs on the Internet are full of ________ (violent) and sex. 4). With the ________ (develop) of modern industry, more and more pollution is caused. 5). China is a ________ (develop) country belong to the third world. 6). There are ________ (fundament) differences between your religious beliefs and mine. 7). His ambition is to become a great ________ (physics). Keys: 1). lied; lay; laid 2). prevention 3). violence 4). development 5). developing 6). fundamental 7). physicist Ⅲ.重點(diǎn)詞匯（旨在提供詞匯綜合運(yùn)用材料） 1. system n.[c] 系統(tǒng)；體系；制度；方法 systematic adj 有系統(tǒng)的; 有條理的 [典例] 1). The solar system includes the sun and its eight planets. 太陽(yáng)系包括太陽(yáng)和它的八顆行星。 2). Alcohol is bad for your system. 喝酒對(duì)身體有害。 [練習(xí)] 根據(jù)句子的意思完成句子。 1). The ______ ______ (教育系統(tǒng)) operates very differently in the US and China. 2). He introduced us a well-designed ______ ______ (鐵路系統(tǒng)). Keys: 1). educational system 2). railway system 2. lay vt. (laid, laid, laying) 把放下；擺設(shè)；鋪(地毯) ；產(chǎn)(蛋) [典例] 1). He laid his hand on my shoulder. 他把手放在我的肩上。 2). Who should we lay the blame on? 我們?cè)撠?zé)備誰(shuí)? [重點(diǎn)用法] lay短語(yǔ)： lay eggs 下蛋 lay sth. aside 把某物放在一邊；積蓄（錢(qián)） lay sth. down 把某物放下 lay the blame on sb.責(zé)備某人 lay the table 擺桌子 lay emphasis / stress on sth. 把重點(diǎn)放在某事上 [練習(xí)] 根據(jù)句子的意思在括號(hào)里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或翻譯。 1). The bird ______ its eggs in other birds’ nests. 2). He is a political leader that _____ _____ _____ _____ (非常強(qiáng)調(diào)) individual responsibility. 3). He ______ some money ______ for rainy days. Keys: 1). lays 2). lays great stress on 3). lays/puts; aside 3. harmful adj. 有害的；傷害的 harm n.&vt. 傷害（某人） [典例] Many people are aware of the harmful effects of smoking. 很多人都意識(shí)到吸煙的危害。 [重點(diǎn)用法] be harmful to sb./sth. 對(duì)……有害 do harm to sb.= do sb. harm = harm sb. 對(duì)……有害；傷害…… [練習(xí)] 根據(jù)句子的意思在括號(hào)里填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或翻譯。 1). Everyone knows that smoking is ______ to your health. 2). In many cases, too much care for children from parents might even do ______ to their growth. 3). 在陽(yáng)光下看書(shū)對(duì)你的眼睛傷害很大。 _______________________________________________________________________________ Keys: 1). harmful 2). harm 3). Reading in the sun does a lot of harm to your eyes. = Reading in the sun does your eyes a lot of harm.= Reading in the sun is very harmful to your eyes. 4. exist vi. 存在；生存 existence n. 存在 [典例] 1). Does life exist on Mars? 火星上有生命嗎? 2). I can hardly exist on the wage I’ m getting. 我靠我掙的工資簡(jiǎn)直難以餬口。 [重點(diǎn)用法] exist + prep. 存在于地方 exist on sth. 靠某物生存 [練習(xí)] 用exist的短語(yǔ)或其適當(dāng)形式填空。 1). This plant ______ only ______ Australia. 2). Can you ______ ______ such a low salary? 3). I doubt the ______ (exist) of alien. Keys: 1). exists; in 2). exist on to 3). existence 5. puzzle vt.&vi. (使)迷惑；(使)苦思 n.謎；難題 puzzled adj.無(wú)法了解的；困惑的 puzzling adj.令人費(fèi)解的 [典例] 1). Her reply puzzled me. 她的回答把我弄糊涂了。 2). Their reason for doing it is still a puzzle to me. 他們?yōu)槭颤N要做此事我仍莫名其妙。 [重點(diǎn)用法] sth. puzzles sb. 某事使某人迷惑/為難 sb. be puzzled by sth. 某人對(duì)……感到迷惑 puzzle about/over sth. 對(duì)某事感到迷惑或苦苦思索（以便理解） puzzle one’ s brain苦思苦想；絞盡腦汁 solve a puzzle 解決一個(gè)難題 [練習(xí)] 用puzzle的適當(dāng)形式填空或翻譯。 1). To explain the ________ (puzzle) findings, he offers two theories. 2). I _______ (puzzle) that I haven’ t heard from Liz for so long. 3). She listened with a _______ (puzzle) expression on her face. 4). No one has yet succeeded in explaining the _______ (puzzle) of how life began. 5). He _______ (puzzle) what to do next. 6). _______ _______ _______ (使我困惑的事情) is why he left the country without telling anyone. Keys: 1). puzzling 2). am puzzled 3). puzzled 4). puzzle 5) was puzzled 6). What puzzles me 6. pull v.拉，拖，拔；移動(dòng) n.拉，拖；拉(引)力 [典例] 1). You push and I’ ll pull. 你來(lái)推，我來(lái)拉。 2). I felt a pull at my sleeve and turned round. 我覺(jué)得有人扯我的袖子，便轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身來(lái)。 [重點(diǎn)用法] pull ahead (of sb/sth) 領(lǐng)先（於某人/物） pull (sb) back（使某人）退卻；撤回（某人） pull off (sth)（指機(jī)動(dòng)車輛）駛離（道路）（至路側(cè)停車處停下） pull out (sth.) 拉掉；使分離；掏出；駛離（車站） pull on 穿，戴上（襪子、手套等） pull together 同心協(xié)力；通力合作 [練習(xí)] 用pull短語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1). I arrived as the last train was ______ ______. 2). He ______ ______ a gun and aimed at the criminal. 3). So long as we ______ ______, there’ s no mountain top we can’t conquer. Keys: 1). pulling out 2). pulled out 3). pull together 7. cheer vt. & vi. (使)高興、振奮；(對(duì))歡呼 cheerful adj.高興的 cheerless adj.不高興的 [典例] 1). The crowd cheered loudly as the Queen appeared. 女王出現(xiàn)時(shí)群眾高聲歡呼。 2). He was greatly cheered by the news. 他聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息非常高興。 [重點(diǎn)用法] cheer sb. on為某人加油 cheer (sb) up（使某人）更高興或更快活 [練習(xí)] 用cheer的短語(yǔ)或其適當(dāng)形式填空。 1). Your visit has greatly ______ him up. 2). The crowd ______ the runners ______ as they started the last lap. 3). You look as though you need ______ up. Keys: 1). cheered 2). cheered; on 3). cheering Ⅳ.重點(diǎn)詞組（旨在提供詞匯綜合運(yùn)用材料） 1. to begin with = to start with 以……開(kāi)始；由……作為開(kāi)頭；首先 [典例] To begin/start with, I couldn’ t understand a single word. 起初，我一句也沒(méi)弄明白。 [重點(diǎn)用法] begin/start with 從……開(kāi)始 begin/start sth with 從……開(kāi)始…… [練習(xí)] 根據(jù)句子的意思完成句子。 1). He ______ his speech ______ a poem. 2). His speech ______ ______ a poem. 3). ______ ______ ______, pets are good friends of many lonely people, especially the old. Keys: 1). began/started; with 2). began/started with 3). To start/begin with 2. in time 及時(shí)；最終；遲早 [典例] 1). They caught the bus in time. 他們及時(shí)趕上了汽車。 2). If you keep on, you will succeed in time. 如果堅(jiān)持下去，你們總有一天會(huì)成功的。 [短語(yǔ)歸納] time短語(yǔ)： in time for sth./ to do sth. 及時(shí)；不遲 in no time 立刻；馬上 at no time永不…… at one time 有個(gè)時(shí)期；曾經(jīng)；一度 at a time 一次；每次 at times = sometimes 有時(shí) all the time 一直；始終；老是 on time 按時(shí)；準(zhǔn)時(shí) by the time到……的時(shí)候?yàn)橹? for the time being 暫時(shí)；暫且 take one’ s time不著急；慢慢來(lái) kill time 消磨時(shí)間 from time to time 不時(shí)地，間或 many a time 常常；多次 once upon a time 從前 at the same time 同時(shí)；盡管如此 ahead of time 提前，提早 race against time 爭(zhēng)分奪秒 time and again 一次又一次；重復(fù)地 keep time (鐘表)走得準(zhǔn) keep bad time（鐘、表）走得不準(zhǔn) take one’ s time 慢慢來(lái)，別急 have a good/nice/hard time (in) doing sth 做某事很…… It’ s (high/about) time that sb. did/ should do sth. 是做某事的時(shí)候了 [練習(xí)] 用time短語(yǔ)填空。 1). They sent the mail to me just _______ _______, before I 1eft. 2). William arrived at the theatre just _______ _______ for the play was to be on. 3). Hurry up! The concert will begin _______ _______ _______. 4). _______ _______ _______ will I give up. 5). The boy laughed and cried _______ _______ ______ ______. 6). _______ _______ _______ he was addicted to playing web games, but now he devotes himself to writing, which delights his parents. 7). Don’t try to do everything at once; take it a bit _______ _______ _______. 8). You’ll have your own office soon, but _______ _______ _______ _______ you’ ll have to share one with me. Keys: 1). in time 2). in time 3). in no time 4). At no time 5). at the same time 6). At one time 7). at a time 8). for the time being 3. in one’ s turn 輪到某人；接著 [典例] I will see you, each in your turn. 我將要一個(gè)接著一個(gè)地看你。 [短語(yǔ)歸納] turn短語(yǔ)： in turn輪流；一個(gè)接著一個(gè) by turns輪流；一陣……一陣…… take turns (to do sth.)輪流（做某物） It’s one’s turn to do sth. 輪到某人做某事了 [練習(xí)] 用turn短語(yǔ)填空或翻譯句子。 1). She went hot and cold _______ _______. 2). 我們輪流著開(kāi)車。 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3). 今天輪到誰(shuí)發(fā)言了？ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Keys: 1). by turns 2). We drove the car by turns / in turn. = We took turns to drive the car. 3). Whose turn is it to give a speech today? 4. prevent...from = stop...from = keep....from 使……不做事；阻止……做某事 [典例] His back injury may prevent him from playing in tomorrow’ s game. 他背部的傷可能使他參加 不了明天的比賽。 【用法辨析】注意: prevent / stop sb. from doing sth.中的from可省, keep sb. from doing sth.中 from不可省略，因?yàn)閗eep sb. doing sth.是“使某人一直做某事”之意；但如在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中， 三者的from都不可?。划?dāng)后接sb’ s doing sth. 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用prevent或stop，不能用keep， 因?yàn)闆](méi)有keep sb’ s doing sth. 的句型。 [練習(xí)] 根據(jù)句子的意思完成句子或翻譯。 1). Doctors took action to _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ (防止這種疾病的蔓延). 2). Of course I can’ t _______ your going abroad. 3). 警察阻止他們攜帶武器。 _______________________________________________________________________________________ Keys: 1). prevent/stop/keep the disease from spreading 2). prevent / stop 3). The police prevented/stopped/kept them from carrying weapons. = They were prevented/stopped/kept from carrying weapons. 5. block out 擋?。ü饩€） [典例] That wall blocks out all the light. 那堵墻把光線都遮住了。 [短語(yǔ)歸納] out短語(yǔ)： break out 爆發(fā)，發(fā)生 burst out 大聲喊叫，突然…起來(lái) go out 外出；過(guò)時(shí)；(燈)熄 put out 關(guān)(燈)；撲滅；生產(chǎn) come out 出現(xiàn)，顯露；出版，結(jié)果是 help out 幫助解決難題(或擺脫困境) look out留神；注意 watch out 注意；提防 find out 找出，查明，發(fā)現(xiàn) pick out挑出，辨認(rèn)出，分辨出 speak out 大聲地說(shuō)，大膽地說(shuō) think out仔細(xì)思考某事；想出（主意等） hang out 掛出，閑逛 knocked out (拳擊中)擊倒，打昏 sell out 售完(某種貨物)，脫銷 turn out 結(jié)果證明是 run out (of) 用完，耗盡 check out 結(jié)帳離去，辦妥手續(xù)離去 hand out 分發(fā)，散發(fā) give out 分發(fā)；用完，消耗盡；發(fā)出(光、聲音等) [練習(xí)] 用out短語(yǔ)填空。 1). At the end of the race his legs _______ _______ and he collapsed on the ground. 2). It’ s easy to _______ him _______ in a crowd because he is very tall. 3). His nwe book will _______ _______ next month. 4). We thought it was going to rain; it _______ _______ to be a find day. 5). We _______ _______ of/from our hotel at 5 a.m. to catch a 7 a.m. flight. Keys: 1). gave out 2). pick; out 3). come out 4). turned out 5). checked out 6. be off = set off 出發(fā)；動(dòng)身；不用上班/學(xué)/開(kāi)張 [典例] Then we were off. 隨后我們就啟程了。 [短語(yǔ)歸納] off短語(yǔ)： get off 下車 fall off 從……摔下來(lái) take off 脫下；起飛 keep off 遠(yuǎn)離 turn off 關(guān)閉 pay off 付清，還清 set...off 給……送行 kick off 踢球 jump off 跳下 give off 散發(fā) show off 炫耀 shut off 關(guān)閉 [練習(xí)] 用turn短語(yǔ)填空或翻譯。 1). It is a Sunday and we _______ _______ (不用上班) today. 2). Her husband _______ _______ on a business trip somewhere. 3). There we saw a sign reading, “_______ _______ the grass”. 4). After ten years of hard work, she finally _______ _______ all her debts. Keys: 1). are off 2). was off 3). Keep off 4). paid off 7. break out (災(zāi)難、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等) 突發(fā)；爆發(fā) [典例] Fire broke out during the night. 夜間突然發(fā)生了火災(zāi)。 [短語(yǔ)歸納] break短語(yǔ)： break away from 脫離（黨派）；擺脫（控制） break down毀掉；壞掉；(計(jì)劃/談判)失敗 break up打碎；拆散；(會(huì)議)結(jié)束；分裂(解體) break off (使)停止；中斷；折斷 break into sth. 強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入某處 break one’ s word/promise食言；說(shuō)話不算數(shù) [練習(xí)] 用break短語(yǔ)填空。 1). A terrible tsunami _______ _______ in the southeastern countries of Asia at Christmas, 2004. 2). When do you _______ _______ for Christmas? 3). Negotiations between the two sides have _______ _______. 4). His house was _______ _______ last week. Keys: 1). broke out 2). break up 3). broken down 4). broken into 8. watch out 密切注視；當(dāng)心；提防 [典例] Watch out! There’ s a car coming. 小心! 汽車來(lái)了。 [重點(diǎn)用法] watch out for sb/sth 警惕或注意某人/事物 watch over 保護(hù)；照看 [練習(xí)] 用watch短語(yǔ)填空。 1). There must have been an angel _______ _______ me that day. 2). What problems should I _______ _______ _______ when buying an old house? 3). You’ ll become an alcoholic if you don’ t _______ _______. Keys: 1). watching over 2). watch out for 3). watch out Ⅴ.重點(diǎn)句子（旨在提供句子結(jié)構(gòu)等所需材料） 1. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapour, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases, which were to make the earth’ s atmosphere. 它(地球)巨大的爆炸噴出了烈火與巖石。最終產(chǎn)生了水蒸氣、二氧化碳、氧、氮和其他多種氣體，從而形成了地球的大氣層。 [解釋]“be + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)通常用來(lái)表示“按計(jì)劃或安排將要做的事情”，或表示上級(jí)對(duì)下級(jí)、父母對(duì)子女下命令，“應(yīng)該做某事”或表示某事“將必然發(fā)生”。例如： 1). Here is a message for you from your head teacher: you are to go to her office after class. 你的班主任給你一個(gè)口信，要你下課后到她的辦公室去。 2). The worst is still to come. 更糟糕的事情還會(huì)發(fā)生。 3). We’ ll hold a meeting tomorrow. = We are to hold a meeting tomorrow. = A meeting is to be held tomorrow. 我們明天將開(kāi)會(huì)。 4). The train is to arrive in Beijing at 10: 25 am. 這趟火車將于上午10: 25到達(dá)北京。 [練習(xí)] 完成句子或翻譯。 1). Here is a message for you from your head teacher: you ______ ______ ______ to her office after class. (你的班主任給你一個(gè)口信，要你下課后到她的辦公室去。) 2). The worst is still ______ ______ (come). 3). We’ ll hold a meeting tomorrow. = We ______ ______ ______ a meeting tomorrow. = A meeting is ______ ______ ______ tomorrow. 4). 這趟火車將于上午10：25到達(dá)北京。 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Keys: 1). are to go 2). to come 3). are to hold; to be held 4). The train is to arrive in Beijing at 10: 25 am. 2. That made it possible for life to begin to develop. 那使生命的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育成為一種可能。 [解釋] 此句中的made后跟帶形式賓語(yǔ)it的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，其中it是形式賓語(yǔ)，真正賓語(yǔ)是不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，“for live to begin to develop”，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是possible。再如：She made it her business to find out who was responsible. 她非要弄清楚是誰(shuí)的責(zé)任不可。 提示：常用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞還有think，feel，find，consider等。例如： 1). We make it a rule to get up at 6 o’ clock every morning. 2). I find it hard to get along with him. 3). He found it impossible to leave Germany for the USA. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)不可能離開(kāi)德國(guó)去美國(guó)了。 4). I think/find/feel/consider it my duty to help you.我覺(jué)得我有責(zé)任幫助你。 [練習(xí)] 完成句子或翻譯。 1). We ______ ______ ______ ______ (規(guī)定) to get up at 6 o’ clock every morning. 2). I ______ ______ ______ (發(fā)現(xiàn)很難) to get along with him． 3). 他發(fā)現(xiàn)不可能離開(kāi)德國(guó)去美國(guó)了。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4). 我覺(jué)得我有責(zé)任幫助你。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Keys: 1). make it a rule 2). find it hard 3). He found it impossible to leave Germany for the USA. 4). I think/find/feel/consider it my duty to help you. 3. But when I tried to step forward I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.而當(dāng)我試著向前邁步的時(shí)候，我發(fā)覺(jué)我被送出去很遠(yuǎn)，步子的跨度竟是地球上的兩倍，因而我摔倒了。 [解釋] twice as...as... “是……的兩倍”，英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)倍數(shù)的表示句型： 1). 倍數(shù)+ as + adj./adv. + as “是……的幾倍” My room is twice as large as his. 2). 倍數(shù)+ adj./adv.比較級(jí)+ than “比……(多/大)幾倍”My room is twice larger than his. 3). 倍數(shù)+ the +表示長(zhǎng)度/高度/寬度等的名詞+ of “是……的長(zhǎng)度/高度/寬度幾倍” My room is twice the size of his. 注意：此結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的名詞有：size, height, weight, length, width depth等。例如： 1). This ruler is three times as long as that one. = This ruler is three times longer than that one. = This ruler is three times the length of that one. 這把尺子是那把的三倍那么長(zhǎng)。 2). There are four times as many students as we expected. 到的學(xué)生是我們預(yù)計(jì)的五倍。 [解釋] twice as ... as... 是的兩倍，英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)倍數(shù)的表示句型： 1). 倍數(shù) + as + adj./adv. + as “是……的幾倍” My room is twice as large as his. 2). 倍數(shù) + adj./adv.比較級(jí) + than “比……(多/大)幾倍”My room is twice larger than his. 3). 倍數(shù)+ the +表示長(zhǎng)度/高度/寬度等的名詞+ of “是……的長(zhǎng)度/高度/寬度幾倍” My room is twice the size of his. 注意：此結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的名詞有：size, height, weight, length, width depth 等。 [練習(xí)] 完成句子或翻譯。 1). 這把尺子是那把的三倍那么長(zhǎng)。 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2). 到的學(xué)生是我們預(yù)計(jì)的五