UNIT 3 UNDERSTANDING EACH OTHERUnits 2-3 詞匯、重點句復(fù)習(xí)：背誦童謠向.朗誦詩歌鉆石的各個側(cè)面詩人表達(dá)的感情節(jié)奏模式針線把別墅轉(zhuǎn)變成美術(shù)館recite nursery rhymesrecite poems to sbeach aspect of the diamond the emotions conveyed the rhythmic pattern thread and needletransform the cottage into an art galleryby the poet傳統(tǒng)的翻譯模式令我極為悲傷的是大量的圓規(guī)一大群麻雀traditional translation patternsto ones great sorrowloads of compassesa large crowd of sparrows年輕人們總是很關(guān)注環(huán)境問題。年輕人們總是很關(guān)注環(huán)境問題。Adolescents are always concerned with environmental issues.concern vt.1.關(guān)于；對關(guān)于；對有關(guān)系有關(guān)系A(chǔ)ttend to what concerns you. 注意與你有關(guān)的事物。注意與你有關(guān)的事物。This concerns us deeply. 這事對我們關(guān)系極大。這事對我們關(guān)系極大。This concerns the healthy growth of the children deeply.這事對孩子們的健康成長關(guān)系極大。這事對孩子們的健康成長關(guān)系極大。2.擔(dān)心；擔(dān)憂；掛念擔(dān)心；擔(dān)憂；掛念Were rather concerned about fathers health. 我們相當(dāng)擔(dān)心父親的健康。我們相當(dāng)擔(dān)心父親的健康。3.常與常與with, about, in連用）關(guān)心；關(guān)照連用）關(guān)心；關(guān)照to concern oneself with public work 關(guān)心公眾事務(wù)關(guān)心公眾事務(wù)Were rather concerned about fathers health. 我們相當(dāng)擔(dān)心父親的健康。我們相當(dāng)擔(dān)心父親的健康。n.1.有利害關(guān)系；所關(guān)切的事有利害關(guān)系；所關(guān)切的事Its no concern of mine. 這事與我無關(guān)。這事與我無關(guān)。The managing directors only concern was how to improve the quality of their products. 總經(jīng)理心里想的全是如何提高產(chǎn)總經(jīng)理心里想的全是如何提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。品質(zhì)量。2.關(guān)心；關(guān)懷；關(guān)照關(guān)心；關(guān)懷；關(guān)照a nurses concern for a sick man 護(hù)士對病人的關(guān)心護(hù)士對病人的關(guān)心3.擔(dān)心；擔(dān)憂擔(dān)心；擔(dān)憂She showed great concern about you. 她很為你擔(dān)心。她很為你擔(dān)心。煙酒和毒品都能使人自動上癮。Cigarettes, alcohol and drugs can all make people automatically addicted to drugs 你的判斷必須建立在你對基本事實的理解力基礎(chǔ)上。這些癮君子們冒著感染艾滋病的危險給自己注射毒品。These addicts are injecting drugs into their bodies at the risk of getting infected with AIDS.Your judgment must be based on your comprehension of some basic facts. 沒有證據(jù)顯示蚊子會傳播艾滋病。There is no evidence that mosquitoes can spread HIV.覆水難收。It is no use crying over split milk.他在伸手拿最后一包煙。He is reaching for the last packet of cigarettes.工人們把當(dāng)代藝術(shù)品都裝上了船要運往國外去。The workers loaded the ship with the contemporary arts to send them abroad. 研究一下近年來的高考試卷研究一下近年來的高考試卷可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，含可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，含 it 的句型幾乎年年的句型幾乎年年考到?？梢娍嫉?。可見 it 句型的重要性和使句型的重要性和使用的普遍性?，F(xiàn)根據(jù)其用法特點用的普遍性。現(xiàn)根據(jù)其用法特點可歸納為下列幾個句型。可歸納為下列幾個句型。 1. 1. It is + It is + 被強調(diào)部分被強調(diào)部分 + + that .that . 該句型是強調(diào)句型。將被強調(diào)的部分放在前面，其它部分置于該句型是強調(diào)句型。將被強調(diào)的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that that 之后。被強調(diào)部分可以是主語，賓語，表語或狀語。強調(diào)的主之后。被強調(diào)部分可以是主語，賓語，表語或狀語。強調(diào)的主語如果是人，語如果是人，that that 可以由可以由 who who 換用。如果把這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)劃掉后，換用。如果把這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)劃掉后，應(yīng)該是一個完整無缺的句子。這也是判斷強調(diào)句型與其它從句的方應(yīng)該是一個完整無缺的句子。這也是判斷強調(diào)句型與其它從句的方法。法。 It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. and an hour hand was made. It was they that (who ) cleaned the classroom yesterday. It was they that (who ) cleaned the classroom yesterday. It was in the street that I met her father. It was in the street that I met her father. 2. 2. It is not until + It is not until + 被強調(diào)部分被強調(diào)部分 + + that .that . 該句型也是強調(diào)句型。主要用于強凋時間狀語，譯成漢語該句型也是強調(diào)句型。主要用于強凋時間狀語，譯成漢語 “直直到到才才”，可以說是，可以說是 not . until . not . until . 的強調(diào)形式。的強調(diào)形式。 He didnt find he had his wallet stolen until he got off the bus. Not until he got off the bus did he find he had his wallet stolen. It was not until he got off the bus that he found he had his wallet stolen. Was it not until he got off the bus that he found he had his wallet stolen? When was it that he found he had his wallet stolen? 3. 3. It is clear ( obvious, true, possible, certainIt is clear ( obvious, true, possible, certain) that ) that 該句型中該句型中it it 是形式主語，真正的主語是是形式主語，真正的主語是 that that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句，引導(dǎo)的主語從句，常譯為常譯為 “ 清楚（顯然，真的，肯定）清楚（顯然，真的，肯定）”是主語從句常見的一種結(jié)是主語從句常見的一種結(jié)構(gòu)。構(gòu)。 It is very clear that hes round and tall like a tree. It is very clear that hes round and tall like a tree. = = That hes round and tall like a tree is very clear. That hes round and tall like a tree is very clear. 4. 4. It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural.) It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural.) that .that . that that 后的從句中要用虛擬語氣（后的從句中要用虛擬語氣（should + should + 動詞原形），動詞原形），should should 可省去?？墒∪ァ＝ㄗh記住該句型中的形容詞建議記住該句型中的形容詞。 It is important that we (should) learn English well. It is important that we (should) learn English well. It is necessary that he (should) remember these words. It is necessary that he (should) remember these words. 5. 5. It is said (reported, learnedIt is said (reported, learned) that ) that 該句型中的該句型中的it it 仍是形式主語，真正主語是仍是形式主語，真正主語是 that that 引導(dǎo)的主語從引導(dǎo)的主語從句。該結(jié)構(gòu)常譯為句。該結(jié)構(gòu)常譯為“ 據(jù)說（據(jù)報道，據(jù)悉據(jù)說（據(jù)報道，據(jù)悉）”。 It is said that he has come to Beijing. It is said that he has come to Beijing. It is reported that another man-made satellite has been It is reported that another man-made satellite has been put into orbitput into orbit7. 7. It is a pity ( a shame . ) that .It is a pity ( a shame . ) that . 1 1。該句型中，。該句型中，that that 后的從句一般用虛擬語氣（后的從句一般用虛擬語氣（should + should + 動詞動詞原形），原形），should should 可省去可省去, ,表示出乎意料，常譯為表示出乎意料，常譯為“竟然竟然”。 2 2。注意：沒有這種意義時，則不用虛擬語氣。注意：沒有這種意義時，則不用虛擬語氣。 It is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class. It is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class.這種事竟然發(fā)生在你們班上，真是遺憾！這種事竟然發(fā)生在你們班上，真是遺憾！ It is a pity that he is ill. It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遺憾！他生病了，真遺憾！ 6. 6. It is suggested ( ordered, required . ) that .It is suggested ( ordered, required . ) that . 主句表示請求，建議，命令等詞時，主句表示請求，建議，命令等詞時，that that 從句要用虛擬語氣從句要用虛擬語氣（should + should + 動詞原形），動詞原形），should should 可以省?？梢允?。 “ 據(jù)建議；有命據(jù)建議；有命令）令）”。 It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. It was ordered that we arrive there in two hours. It was ordered that we arrive there in two hours. 8. 8. It is time ( about time , high time ) that .It is time ( about time , high time ) that . 該句型中該句型中that that 后的從句應(yīng)該用虛擬語氣，后的從句應(yīng)該用虛擬語氣， 常用常用過去時態(tài)過去時態(tài)表示表示虛擬虛擬 有時也用有時也用should + should + 動詞原形動詞原形，should should 不能省。常譯為不能省。常譯為“是（正是）是（正是）的時侯的時侯”。 It is time that children should go to bed. It is time that children should go to bed. = It is time that children went to bed. = It is time that children went to bed. 9. 9. It is the first ( second It is the first ( second ) time that ) time that 該句型要和上一個句型區(qū)別開來。該句型中的該句型要和上一個句型區(qū)別開來。該句型中的 that that 從句不用虛從句不用虛擬語氣，而用完成時態(tài)。該結(jié)構(gòu)中擬語氣，而用完成時態(tài)。該結(jié)構(gòu)中 that that 可以省去；可以省去；it it 有時用有時用 this this 替換，常譯為替換，常譯為“是第一（二）是第一（二）次次”。 It is the first time I have been here. It is the first time I have been here. = = This is the first time I have been here. This is the first time I have been here. It is ten years since he returned to his hometown.It was ten years ago that he returned to his hometown.It was 1990 when he returned to his hometown.It is in 1990 that he returned to his hometown.He went abroad in 1980. It was ten years before he returned to his hometown. 10. It is since . 該句型主要用作處理瞬間動詞的完成時，又要和表示一段時間該句型主要用作處理瞬間動詞的完成時，又要和表示一段時間的時間狀語連用的問題。主句中是時間作表語，其時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時或的時間狀語連用的問題。主句中是時間作表語，其時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時或完成時，完成時，since 引導(dǎo)的從句通常是一般過去時態(tài)，而且是瞬間動詞。引導(dǎo)的從句通常是一般過去時態(tài)，而且是瞬間動詞。如果主句是一般過去時，從句則用過去完成時。如果主句是一般過去時，從句則用過去完成時。 It is ( has been ) 5 years since his father died. 11. It is . when . 該句型中的該句型中的 when 引導(dǎo)的是一個時間狀語從句，主句中的引導(dǎo)的是一個時間狀語從句，主句中的 it 指時間，表語由具體的時間充當(dāng)。常譯為指時間，表語由具體的時間充當(dāng)。常譯為“當(dāng)當(dāng)?shù)臅r候，的時候，是是”。 It was 5 oclock when he came here. 12. It be . before . 該句型主句中的該句型主句中的 it 指時間指時間, 主句中的時態(tài)常是將來一般時或過主句中的時態(tài)常是將來一般時或過去時兩種時態(tài)主句中的表語多是去時兩種時態(tài)主句中的表語多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等表示時間段的詞或短語。常譯為等表示時間段的詞或短語。常譯為“之后之后”。 It was 3 days before he went to Beijing. It will be not long before he finishes his job. 13. It happens that. 主句中的主句中的happen是不及物動詞是不及物動詞 It happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧碰巧 14. It takes sb. to do sth. “做做要花費某人要花費某人”。 It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall. 15. It is no good (use ) doing sth. 主句中的表語可以是主句中的表語可以是no good , ( not any good ) , no use , ( not any use )。 It is no good learning English without speaking English. 該句型中該句型中whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的從句是真正主語，該句型常譯為引導(dǎo)的從句是真正主語，該句型常譯為“不論（是否）不論（是否） 沒關(guān)系沒關(guān)系。 It doesnt matter if they are old. 主句中的形容詞必須是能表示邏輯主語特征的形容詞。常見主句中的形容詞必須是能表示邏輯主語特征的形容詞。常見的有的有: bad, brave, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, good (好心的好心的), honest, horrible, kind, lazy, modest, naughty, nice (有教養(yǎng)的有教養(yǎng)的), polite, rude, silly, stupid, wise, wrong (錯誤的錯誤的)等。等。 這個句型可這個句型可以改寫為：以改寫為：sb. is kind to do sth. It is kind of you to say so. You are kind to say so. 18. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth. 不定式的邏輯主語由不定式的邏輯主語由for 引起，形容詞通常表示引起，形容詞通常表示重要性，緊迫重要性，緊迫性，頻繁程度，難易，安全等性，頻繁程度，難易，安全等情況。常見的形容詞有：情況。常見的形容詞有： 如：如：It is important for her to come to the party. It is important that she (should ) come to the party 19. It seems/appears that 看來看來 It seems/appears that he will be back in a few days. It looks ( seems ) as if . 該句型中該句型中it 無意義。無意義。 as if 引導(dǎo)一個狀語從句。常譯為，引導(dǎo)一個狀語從句。常譯為，“看看起來好象起來好象 如果與事實不相符合，則用虛擬語氣如果與事實不相符合，則用虛擬語氣 It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了）真的病了） It seemed as if he were dying.(虛擬語氣虛擬語氣) 20. We think it important to learn a foreign language. 該句型中的該句型中的it 作形式賓語。作形式賓語。 當(dāng)不定式、動名詞、當(dāng)不定式、動名詞、that that 從從句作賓語，又有自己的賓語補語時，要句作賓語，又有自己的賓語補語時，要 用用it it 作形式賓語，而把真正作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語后置。如：的賓語后置。如：Marx found it important Marx found it important to study the situation in Russiato study the situation in Russia. .The fisherman made it a ruleThe fisherman made it a rule that he never cast his net that he never cast his net more than four times a daymore than four times a day. .The ancient people took it for granted The ancient people took it for granted that the earth was that the earth was flatflat. .We think it necessary We think it necessary reading aloud every morning to reading aloud every morning to improve our Englishimprove our English. .能夠用于形式賓語句型的動詞有能夠用于形式賓語句型的動詞有think, make, find, think, make, find, consider, feel, takeconsider, feel, take等。等。owe it to owe it to sbsb. that. that把把歸功于歸功于 leave it to leave it to sbsb that that把把留給某人去做留給某人去做 take it for granted that take it for granted that 想當(dāng)然想當(dāng)然 keep it in mind thatkeep it in mind that 例例 Dont bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out.