,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),*,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,Chapter3 Conceptual metaphor and metonymies,Presented by 肖麗紅,01,Metaphors and Metonymies:from figures of speech to cognitive models,02,Metaphors and Metonymies:as cognitive instruments,03,Metaphors as a way of thinking:examples from science and politics,04,Pragmatic applications of Metaphors and Metonymies,Outline,All the worlds a stage,And all the man and women merely players;,They have their exits and their entrance,And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages.,問(wèn)君能有幾多愁?恰似一江春水向東流.,下館子/上飯店,Do metaphors or metonymies only exist in literature?,What kind of roles that metaphors and metonymies do in our daily life?,Three stages of Metaphors studies,Initial stage(300BC-1920s):During this stage,Metaphors and Metonymies are studied as kinds of,rhetoric devices,.Aristotle,who first began to study the properties and functions of Metaphor,defined metaphor as the Transference of meaning between concepts in her book,Rehetoric and Poetry,.Representatives of this stages are Aristotle,Quintilian,Second stage(1930-1960):Focus on the structure and meaning of metaphor.This is a period of time that regard as the transitory stage between the study of metaphor as rhetoric devices and the study of metaphor as a cognitive model.Main representatives of this stage are R.Jakobson,E.Benveniste and M.Black.,Third stage(1970-now):Metaphors and Metonymies are regarded as,cognitive models,and been studied within multidisciplinary fields.,相似原則（principle of similarity）,人們?nèi)菀讓⑾嗤蛳嗨频臇|西看做是一個(gè)單位。這一原則在概念和語(yǔ)言的形成中是最重要的原則。,順接原則（principle of good continuation）,在識(shí)別和記憶事物時(shí)，人們傾向于尋找有規(guī)律、變化小的整體。,接近原則（principle of proximity）,在認(rèn)知上，距離相近的事物容易被看做是一個(gè)單位。,突顯原則（principle of prominence）,人們的注意力更容易觀察和記憶事物比較突顯的方面。,相似原則&順接原則是隱喻的認(rèn)知原則。,接近原則&凸顯原則是轉(zhuǎn)喻的認(rèn)知原則。,好的語(yǔ)言是一種圓滿的實(shí)現(xiàn)，能表達(dá)人的感知本身所不能表現(xiàn)的事情。查理,語(yǔ)言學(xué)上，把由于兩個(gè)事物的特征上所存在的某一,類似,之處，而用指一個(gè)事物的詞來(lái)指代另一個(gè)事物的演變,方式,叫做隱喻（,Metaphor,）。,Metaphor involves using words from one domain to talk about the other.The domain from which words been selected is called the,source domain,and the domain been described is regarded as the,target domain.,隱喻的抽象認(rèn)知能力來(lái)源于對(duì)兩個(gè)概念的“相似（,similarity,）”的認(rèn)知。,映射域即人腦中兩個(gè)概念建立相似性的地方。,Three major components of mapping scopes：,Image schemas,:firmly grounded in our bodily experiences,are the most probably shared by all human beings.in-out,Basic correlations,:guide us in understanding the events and actions in the world around us.causeeffect,action/changemotion,Culture-dependent evaluations,:restricted to the members of a specific culture.,映射（,Mapping,）,隱喻不僅是根據(jù)對(duì)具體事物的認(rèn)知模式來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)和構(gòu)造對(duì)其他事物的認(rèn)知模式，而是將整個(gè)認(rèn)知模式的結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)部關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)移，這種轉(zhuǎn)移被稱為源模式向目標(biāo)模式結(jié)構(gòu)的映射。,隱喻本質(zhì)上是一種認(rèn)知現(xiàn)象，是思維相互作用的產(chǎn)物。它以已知喻未知、以熟悉喻不熟悉，以簡(jiǎn)單喻復(fù)雜、以具體喻抽象，以通俗喻科學(xué)。,Metaphor not only used for poetic effect,also enables human beings to understanding and describing abstract things.And the source domains tend very often to be concrete,things that we can experience directly.While the target domains tend to be abstract.,常規(guī)隱喻（,conventional or dead metaphors,）,“通過(guò)長(zhǎng)期建立的常規(guī)關(guān)系而無(wú)意識(shí)進(jìn)入語(yǔ)言的隱喻才是最重要的?！保?Ungerer&Schmid 1996:117）,萊考夫（1980）把隱喻看做是人們思維、行為和表達(dá)思想的一種系統(tǒng)的方式，即隱喻概念,（metaphorical concept or conceptual metaphor,）。,結(jié)構(gòu)隱喻,（Structural Metaphor）,以一種概念的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)構(gòu)造另一種概念，使兩種概念相疊加，將談?wù)撘环N概念的各方面的詞語(yǔ)用于談?wù)摿硪桓拍睢?TIME IS MONEY,I dont,have,the time to,give,you.,How do you,spend,your time these days?,一寸光陰一寸,金,我們何不,省,點(diǎn)時(shí)間，現(xiàn)在就吃飯呢？,IDEAS(or MEANINGS)ARE OBJECTS,LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAINERS,COMMUNICATION IS SENDING,Its hard to get that idea across to him.,Its difficult to put my ideas into words.,ARGUMENT IS WAR,He attacked every week point in my argument.,方位隱喻,（,Orientational Metaphor,）,參照空間方位而組建的一系列隱喻概念。,HIGH STATUS IS UP;LOW STATUS IS DOWN,RATIONAL IS UP;EMOTIONAL IS DOWN,CONSCIOUS IS UP;UNCONCIOUS IS DOWN,A meeting has been planed for next Wednesday.Now,Lets move the meeting forward two days.,When does the meeting take place?,實(shí)體隱喻（,Ontological Metaphor,）,將抽象概念具體化,My,fear,of insects is,driving,my wife crazy.,It will take,a lot of,patience to finish this book.,The,ugly side,of his personality comes out under pressure.,The,pressure,of his responsibilities,caused,his breakdown.,容器隱喻（,Container metaphor,）,The ship is coming,into view,.,VISUAL FIELDS AS CONTAINERS,Are you,in the race,on Sunday?,RACE AS CONTAINER,There is a lot of land,in Kansas,.,AREAS AS CONTAINERS,How did you,get into window-washing,as a profession?,THE ACTIVITY OF WASHING AS CONTAINER,We are,out of trouble,now.,TROUBLE AS CONTAINER,創(chuàng)新隱喻,來(lái)源于文學(xué)家個(gè)人獨(dú)特的感受和體驗(yàn)的文學(xué)隱喻,THE WORLD IS A STAGE,THEORIES/ARGUMENTS ARE BUILDINGS,His theory has thousands of little rooms and long winding corridors.,出于表達(dá)新事物的需要科學(xué)中的隱喻,一般而言，隱喻的源域?yàn)榫唧w范疇，而目標(biāo)域是后認(rèn)知的具體范疇或抽象范疇，而不是相反。,常規(guī)隱喻是一個(gè)語(yǔ)言集團(tuán)文化和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的沉淀。人們根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和文化傳統(tǒng)來(lái)選擇源域。,源域與目標(biāo)域之間形成一定的隱喻結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)，,同一源域可以隱喻多個(gè)目標(biāo)域，,LIFE IS A JOURNEY,AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY,同一目標(biāo)域也可以由多個(gè)源域隱喻。,AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY,AN ARGUMENT IS A BATTLE,AN ARGUMENT IS A CONTAINER,AN ARGUMENT IS A BUILDING,常規(guī)隱喻,創(chuàng)新隱喻,結(jié)構(gòu)隱喻,方位隱喻,實(shí)體隱喻,文學(xué)隱喻,科學(xué)中的隱喻,轉(zhuǎn)喻定義,1.Lakoff&Johnson(1980),Metonymy has primarily a referential function,that is,it allows us to use one entity to,stand for,another.I