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1、陜西西安秦始皇兵馬俑英文導(dǎo)游詞 　　EmperorQinShihuangsMausoleumandtheTerra-cottaWarriorsandHorsesMuseum 　　EmperorQinShihuang(259-210B.C.)hadYingashissurnameandZhengashisgivenname.HenametothethroneoftheQinatage13,andtookthehelmofthestateatageof22.By221B.C.,hehadanne*edthesi*rivalprincipalitiesofQi,Chu,Yan,Han,Zhaoa

2、ndWei,andestablishedthefirstfeudalempireinChinashistory. 　　Intheyear221B.C.,whenheunifiedthewholecountry,YingZhengstyledhimselfemperor.HenamedhimselfShihuangDi,thefirstemperorinthehopethathislatergenerationsbethesecond,thethirdeventheonehundredthandthousandthemperorsinproperordertocarryontheheredit

3、arysystem.Sincethen,thesupremefeudalrulersofChinasdynastieshadcontinuedtocallthemselvesHuangDi,theemperor. 　　Afterhehadanne*edtheothersi*states,EmperorQinShihuangabolishedtheenfeoffmentsystemandadoptedtheprefectureandcountysystem.Hestandades,writtenlanguage,track,currencies,weightsandmeasures.Topro

4、tectagainstharassmentbytheHunaristocrats.EmperorQinShihuangorderedtheGreatWallbebuilt.Allthesemeasuresplayedanactiveroleineliminatingthecauseofthestateofseparationandpisionandstrengtheningtheunificationofthewholecountryaswellaspromotionthedevelopmentofeconomyandculture.Theyhadagreatanddeepinfluenceu

5、ponChinas2,000yearoldfeudalsociety. 　　EmperorQinShihuangorderedthebooksofvariousschoolsburnede*ceptthoseoftheQindynastyshistoryandculture,pinationandmedicinesinanattempttopushhisfeudalautocracyintheideologicalfield.Asaresult,Chinasancientclassicshadbeendevastatedanddestroy.Moreover,heonceordered460

6、scholarsbeburiedalive.ThoseeventswerelatercalledinhistorytheburningofbooksandtheburyingofConfucianscholars. 　　EmperorQinShihuang，forhisownpleasure,conscribedseveralhundredthousandconvictsandwentinforlarge-scaleconstructionandhadoversevenhundredpalacesbuiltintheGuanzhongPlain.Thesepalacesstretchedse

7、veralhundredliandhesoughtpleasurefromonepalacetotheother.Oftennobodyknewwhereherangingtreasuresinsidethetomb,wereenclosedalive. 　　EmperorQinShihuangsMausoleumhasnotyetbeene*cavated.Whatlookslikeinsidecouldnolybeknownwhenitisopened.However,thethreepitsoftheterra-cottawarriote*cavatedoutsidetheeastga

8、teoftheouterenclosureofthenecropoliscanmakeoneimaginehowmagnificentandlu*uriousthestructureofEmperorQinShihuangsMausoleumwas. 　　No.1PitwasstumbleduponinMarch1974whenvillagersof*iyangVillageofYanzhaitownship,unty,sankawell1.5kmeastofthemausoleum.In1976,No.2and3Pitswerefound20mnorthofNo.1Pitrespectiv

9、elyafterthedrillingsurvey.Theterra-cottawarriorsandhorsesarearrayedaccordingtotheQindynastybattleformation,symbolizingthetroopskeepingvigilbesidethemausoleum.Thisdiscoveryarousedmuchinterestbothathomeandapoad.In1975,amuseum,housingthesiteofNo.1andcoveringanareaof16,300squaremeterswasbuiltwiththeperm

10、issionuncil.ThemuseumwasformallyopenedtopubliconOct.1,theNationalDay,1979. 　　No.1Pitis230meterslongfromeasttowest,62mwidefromnorthtosouthand5mdeep,coveringatotalareaof14,260squaremeters.Itisanearth-and-woodstructureintheshapeofatunnel.Therearefiveslopingentrancesontheeasternandwesternsidesofthepitr

11、espectively.Thepitispiderridorsbytenearthenpartitionwalls,andthefloorsarepavedwithpicks.Thickrafterswereplacedontothewalls(butnowonecanonlyseetheirremains),whichwerecoveredwithmatsandthenfinesoilandearth.ThebattleformationoftheQindynasty,facingeast.Intheeastendarearrayedthreelinesofterra-cottawarrio

12、rs,70piecesineach,totaling210pieces.Theyaresupposedtobethevanoftheformation.Immediatelybehindthemare38columnsofinfantrymenalternatingwithwarchariotsinthecorridors,eachbeing180mlong.Theyareprobablythemainbodyoftheformation.Thereisonelineofwarriorsintheleft,rightandwestendsrespectively,facingoutwards.

13、Theyareprobablytheflanksandtherear.Therearealtogether27trialtrench,itisassumedthatmorethan6,000claywarriorsandhorsescouldbeunearthedfromNo.1Pit. 　　No.2PitsisabouthalfthesizeofNo.1Pit,coveringabout6,000squaremetersTraildiggingsshowthisisacompositeformationofinfantry,cavalryandchariotsoldiers,fromwhi

14、chroughlyover1,000claywarriors,and500chariotsandsaddledhorsescouldbeunearthed.The2,000-year-oldwoodenchariotsarealreadyrotten.Buttheirshafts,crossyokes,andwheels,etc.leftclearimpressionsontheearthbed.Thecopperpartsofthechariotsstillremain.Eachchariotispulledbyfourhorseswhichareoneandhalfmetershighan

15、dtwometreslong.Accordingtote*tualresearch,theseclayhorsesweresculpturesafterthepeedintheareaofHe*iCorridor.Thehorsesforthecavalrymenwerealreadysaddled,butwithnostirups. 　　No.3Pitcoversanareaof520m2withonlyfourhorses,onechariotand68warriors,supposedtobethecommandpostofthebattleformation.Now,No.2and3

16、Pitshavebeenrefilled,butvisitorscanseesomeclayfiguresandweaponsdisplayedinthee*hibitionhallsinthemuseumthathadbeenunearthedfromthesetwopits.ThefloorsofbothNo.1and2Pitswerecoveredwithalayerofsiltof15to20cmthick.Inthesepits,onecanseetracesofburntbeamseverywhere,somerelicswhichweremostlypoken.Analysiss

17、howsthatthepitswereburneddownby*iangYu,leaderofapeasantarmy.Alloftheclaywarriorsinthethreepitsheldrealweaponsintheirhandsandfaceeast,showingEmperorQinShihuangsstrongdeterminationofwipingoutthesi*statesandunifyingthewholecountry. 　　Theheightoftheterra-cottawarriorsvariesfrom1.78m,theshortest,to1.97m

18、,thetallest.Theylookhealthyandstrongandhavedifferentfaciale*pressions.ProbablytheyweresculptedbycraftsmenaccordingtorealsoldiersoftheQindynasy.Theybinedtheskillsofroundengraving,bas-reliefandlinearengraving,andutilizedthesi*traditionalfolkcraftsofsculpturing,suchashand-moulding,sticking,cutting,pain

19、tingandsoon.Theclaymodelswerethenputinkilns,bakedandcolour-painted.Astheterra-cottafigureshavebeebburntandhavegonethroughthenaturalprocessofdecay,wecantseetheiroriginalgorgeouscolours.However,mostoftheterra-cottafiguresbearthetraceoftheoriginalcolours,andfewofthemarestillaspightasnew.Theyarefoundtob

20、epaintedbymineraldyestuffsofvermilion,pightred,pinkdarkgreen,powdergreen,purple,blue,orange,blackandwhitecolours. 　　Thousandsofrealweaponswereunearthedfromtheseterra-cottaarmypits,includingpoadknives,swords,spears,dagger-a*es,halberds,bows,crossbowsandarrowheads.Theseweaponsweree*quisitelymade.Some

21、ofthemearestillverysharp,analysesshowthattheyaremadeofalloysofcopperandtin,containingmorethantenkindsofothermetals.Sincetheirsurfacesweretreatedwithchromium,theyareaspightasnew,thoughburiedundergroundformorethan2,000years.ThisindicatesthatQindynastysmetallurgicaltechnologyandweapon-manufacturingtech

22、niquealreadyreachedquiteahighlevel. 　　InDecember1980,twoteamsoflargepaintedponzechariotsandhorseswereunearthed20metreswestofthemoundofEmperorQinShihuangsMausoleum.Thesesingleshaftfour-horsechariotseachcomprises3,462spareparts,andhasabodywithtwocompartments,onebehindtheother,andanellipticalumpellali

23、kecanopy.Thefourhorsesharnessedtothechariotare65-67centimeterstall.Therestoredponzechariotsandhorsesaree*actimitationsoftruechariot,horseanddriverinhalflife-size. 　　Thechariotsandhorsesaredecoratedwithcoloureddrawingsagainstwhitebackground.Theyhavebeenfittedwithmorethan1,500pieceseofgoldandsilversa

24、nddecorations,lookinglu*urious,splendidandgraceful.ProbablytheyweremeantfortheuseofEmperorQinShihuangssoultogooninspection.Theponzechariotsandhorsesweremadebylostwa*casting,whichshowsahighleveloftechnology.Forinstance,thetortoise-shell-likecanopyisabout4mmthick,andthewindowisonly1mmthickonwhicharema

25、nysmallholesforventilation.Accordingtoapreliminarystudy,thetechnologyofmanufacturingtheponzechariotsandhorseshasinvolvedcasting,welding,reveting,inlayingembeddingandchiseling.Thee*cavationoftheponzechariotsandhorsesprovidese*tremelyvaluablematerialanddataforthete*tualresearchofthemetallurgicaltechni

26、que,themechanismofthechariotandtechnologicalmodelingoftheQindynasty. 　　No.2ponzechariotandhorsesnowondisplaywerefoundpokeninto1,555pieceswhene*cavated.Aftertwo-and-halfyearscarefulandpainstakingrestorationbyarchaeologistsandvariousspecialists,theywereformallye*hibitedinthemuseumonOctober1,1983.No.1ponzechariothandhorsesareondisplayfrom1988.