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1、,Ch02: 研究術(shù)語 Research Language,什么是研究 What is research 一個有組織的，系統(tǒng)的 ，基于數(shù)據(jù)的 ，批判性的 ，客觀的 ，科學(xué)的詢問/調(diào)查， 針對特定問題 如下目的開展：尋求答案 ，找到解決辦法. 什么是商學(xué)研究 What is business research 為了幫助商業(yè)決策而產(chǎn)生知識的，系統(tǒng)而客觀的過程,Last week,研究類型 Research types,Last week,研究成功要素 Factors contributing to the success of research 文獻(xiàn)檢索與綜述 Literature search

2、and review； 技術(shù)能力 Technical competence ；撰寫研究提案 Writing the research proposal；對研究記錄的保管 Keeping of research records； 撰寫進(jìn)度報告 Writing progress reports；撰寫畢業(yè)論文 Writing the thesis；撰寫期刊/會議論文 Writing papers for journals/conferences； 理論能力 Theoretical competence 研究倫理 Ethics of business research 抄襲 Plagiarism 欺詐

3、 Fraud/ Cheat 竊取 Steal,Last week,Research Language,概念 Concepts 構(gòu)念 Constructs 概念性架構(gòu) Conceptual schemes 操作性定義 Operational Definition 變量 Variables 命題和假設(shè) Propositions and Hypotheses 理論 Theory 模型 Model,概念 Concepts 對現(xiàn)實的抽象 abstractions from particulars. 觀念性定義 constitutive definitions 意義豐富但不能直接度量 rich in me

4、aning but cannot be measured directly. 在問題界定和假設(shè)推演中應(yīng)用. 例子 e.g., 熱/冷，時間 Hot/cold, time, 特性、滿意、態(tài)度、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力 quality, satisfaction, attitude, leadership.,Research Language- Concepts,構(gòu)念 Constructs 能度量的概念 concepts that are measurable. 操作化: 效度/信度 Operationalization: validity and reliability 單項/多項度量 a single-item

5、 vs. multiple-item scale. 設(shè)計度量工具 designing the measurement instrument,Research Language- Constructs,觀念性定義 Conceptual/Theoretical Definition 用其它抽象概念來描述一個概念的意義 describes what a concept means by relating it to other abstract concepts 操作性定義 Operational Definition 用可觀察、可度量的特性或行為來描述一個概念，從而使該概念能在現(xiàn)實中被觀察 des

6、cribes a concept in terms of its observable and measurable characteristics or behaviors, by specifying how the concept can be observed in actual practice.,Research Language Definition,一年級 Freshman 二年級 Sophomore 三年級 Junior 四年級 Senior, 90 credit hours,如何定義學(xué)生年級 How can we define the variable “class lev

7、el of students”?,Research Language Operational Definition,如何定義溫度 How can we define the variable “hot”,Hot,Temperature,Fahrenheit華氏 Celsius 攝氏,Example_(Huang et al. 2010, Information Systems Journal),Huang, Q., Davison, R.M., Gu, J., 2010. The impact of trust, guanxi orientation and face on the inten

8、tion of Chinese employees and managers to engage in peer-to-peer tacit and explicit knowledge sharing. Information Systems Journal 21, 557-577,Guanxi Orientation,Example_(Huang et al. 2010, Information Systems Journal),信度和效度 Reliability and Validity,信度 Reliability （穩(wěn)定和一致） 度量工具在多大程度上避免了隨機誤差 the exten

9、t to which the measurement process is free from random errors. 保證了研究結(jié)果的一致和可預(yù)測性 concerned with the consistency and predictability of the research findings 效度Validity （真實和準(zhǔn)確） 測量過程不受系統(tǒng)和隨機誤差影響的程度 the extent to which the measurement process is free from both systematic and random error. 是否測量了我們想要測量的東西Are

10、 we measuring what we think we are measuring,Research Language Operational Definition,可信Reliable = 度量每次使用時都能得到一致的結(jié)果consistent in producing the same results every time the measure is used 有效Valid = 測度了它要測度的事項measuring what it is supposed to measure Score = effect + systematic + random error 系統(tǒng)誤差Syste

11、matic error: threat to validity 隨機誤差Random error: threat to reliability,Research Language Operational Definition,變量 Variables,Research Language-variables,通過運用度量指標(biāo)從特 定對象收集數(shù)據(jù)后，每 個含義被量化度量指標(biāo) 的概念 After using the measurement scales to collect the responses from the subjects, each response to each measurem

12、ent of the scales is then coded into “number”.,Operationalization,Numbered,Example_(Huang et al. 2010, Information Systems Journal),Research Language-variables,Example_(Huang et al. 2010, Information Systems Journal),類型 Types 自變量/因變量 Independent vs. Dependent variables 調(diào)節(jié)變量（干擾變量） Moderating variable

13、s 中介變量 Mediating variables/ Intervening Variables 外生變量（控制變量） Extraneous variables (control variables),Research Language-variables,IV vs. DV,IV,DV,Research Language-variables,Research Language-variables,調(diào)節(jié)變量Moderator: 可以影響因變量和自變量間的方向或強弱的變量 a variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the

14、relation between an IV and DV.,21,Examples :量,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)指出，生產(chǎn)工人的操作手冊的易得性將決定瑕疵品的數(shù)量。,操作手冊的易得性,瑕疵品數(shù)量,自變量,因變量,盡管我們可以認(rèn)為以上情況適用于所有員工，但是這個關(guān)系會受到員工是否有意愿閱讀操作手冊的影響。換句話說，有意愿閱讀操作手冊的員工，才可能生產(chǎn)出沒有瑕疵的產(chǎn)品。反之，還是會生產(chǎn)出瑕疵品。,操作手冊的易得性,瑕疵品數(shù)量,自變量,因變量,閱讀意愿,調(diào)節(jié)變量,22,自變量與調(diào)節(jié)變量的差異,有時我們會對一個變量何時被視為自變量或調(diào)節(jié)變量而感到困擾。舉例來說，可能碰到以下兩種情況。 A：一項研究調(diào)查顯示，組織當(dāng)

15、中訓(xùn)練課程的質(zhì)量愈好，員工自我成長的需求愈高，也更愿意學(xué)習(xí)新的工作方法。,自我成長需求,培訓(xùn)課程質(zhì)量,學(xué)習(xí)意愿,自變量,因變量,23,自變量與調(diào)節(jié)變量的差異,B：另一項研究調(diào)查顯示，課程質(zhì)量與員工學(xué)習(xí)新工作方法意愿之間的關(guān)系，將取決于員工成長需求的高低。只有那些具有高度成長需求的員工，才會渴望通過專業(yè)訓(xùn)練，來學(xué)習(xí)新的工作方法。,自變量,因變量,培訓(xùn)課程質(zhì)量,學(xué)習(xí)意愿,自我成長需求,調(diào)節(jié)變量,究竟是自變量還是調(diào)節(jié)變量，取決于我們的問題描述,Research Language-variables,中介變量 Mediator: 在因變量和自變量間起到中間過渡作用的變量 a given variabl

16、e may be said to function as a mediator to the extent that it accounts for the relation between the IV and the DV.,25,中介變量,根據(jù)自變量與因變量之間關(guān)系的改變情況，中介效應(yīng)分為兩種類型：完全中介和部分中介。 完全中介：當(dāng)不考慮中介變量的影響時，自變量和因變量的關(guān)系將減弱得不顯著。,品牌態(tài)度,購買意愿,購買行為,部分中介：當(dāng)不考慮中介變量的影響時，自變量和因變量之間的關(guān)系將減弱，但仍然顯著。,完全中介,品牌態(tài)度,購買意愿,購買行為,部分中介,26,調(diào)節(jié)變量、中介變量,理論認(rèn)為，

17、勞動力的多元化（勞動人員由不同人種、民族及國籍的成員組成），將產(chǎn)生協(xié)同效應(yīng)，進(jìn)而在組織績效上會有較好的表現(xiàn)，因為不同群體可將其特有專長與技能分析貢獻(xiàn)于工作場所中。不過如何發(fā)揮這種協(xié)同效應(yīng)，取決于管理者如何利用多元工作團(tuán)隊的特殊專長，否則，還是無法發(fā)揮協(xié)同效應(yīng)。,勞動力的多元化,組織績效,自變量,因變量,組織協(xié)同,中介變量,管理技能,調(diào)節(jié)變量,時間：T1 T2 T3,Research Language-variables,控制變量 Control variables : 那些不構(gòu)成研究主體，但不容忽視的自變量 are those independent variables which are n

18、ot part of the research study however their influence cannot be ignored,28,理論模型中變量之間的關(guān)系,29,Examples :,X,Y,Z,用眼過度導(dǎo)致近視,失學(xué)與貧窮,受教育程度與收入之間的因果關(guān)系取決于性別的不同,品牌態(tài)度購買意愿購買行為,相關(guān),因果,中介,調(diào)節(jié),30,Exercise:,界定以下情境中的問題，并發(fā)展出理論框架。 某一所醫(yī)院的醫(yī)學(xué)研究人員正在研究癌癥患者接受治療并成功康復(fù)的概率，他發(fā)現(xiàn)三種關(guān)于康復(fù)的重要變量： 醫(yī)生及早且正確的診斷； 護(hù)士細(xì)心遵照醫(yī)生指示給予患者后續(xù)治療的程度； 患者休養(yǎng)環(huán)境的安詳寧

19、靜。 在安靜的環(huán)境氣氛中，患者能夠得到較好的休息，同時也能較快地復(fù)原。但癌癥患者在末期才住院時，即使醫(yī)護(hù)人員盡最大努力立即診斷治療，病房區(qū)域內(nèi)的環(huán)境也足夠安靜，但患者的病情并不會因治療而好轉(zhuǎn)。,命題 Propositions 能被判斷真假的，對可觀察現(xiàn)象的陳述 A statement about observable phenomena (concepts) that may be judged as true or false 當(dāng)它可以被實證驗證時 When it is formulated for empirical testing 假設(shè) Hypotheses 對兩個或多個變量間關(guān)系的說明

20、式陳述 A declarative statement about the relationship between tow or more variables.,Research Language- Propositions and Hypotheses,Example_(Huang et al. 2010, Information Systems Journal),H4a: The stronger the guanxi orientation, the stronger the intention to share tacit knowledge. H4b: The stronger t

21、he guanxi orientation, the stronger the intention to share explicit knowledge.,Research Language- hypotheses,假設(shè) Hypotheses 描述性假設(shè) Descriptive hypotheses 如，在中國，外資也要比國有企業(yè)開放. 關(guān)系性假設(shè) Relational hypotheses 關(guān)聯(lián)性假設(shè) Correlational hypotheses 沒有指明因果 without implying that one causes the other 因果性假設(shè) Causal hypothe

22、ses 一個因素的存在或改變或?qū)е缕渌蛩氐淖儞Q.,關(guān)聯(lián)性假設(shè) Correlational hypotheses,因果性假設(shè) Causal Hypotheses,描述性假設(shè) Descriptive Hypotheses,Example_(Huang et al. 2010, Information Systems Journal),The Role of Hypotheses,指明研究的方向 Guide the direction of the study,確定相關(guān)事實 Identify relevant facts,建議最合適的研究設(shè)計 Suggest most appropriate re

23、search design,為組織相關(guān)結(jié)論提供框架 Provide framework for organizing resulting conclusions,36,虛假關(guān)系 spurious relationship,冰淇凌銷售量和溺水死亡之間存在正相關(guān) 冰淇凌銷售得越多，溺水死亡人數(shù)越多；反之亦然。 在冰激凌和溺水之間沒有什么直接關(guān)系，這里的第三個變量是季節(jié)或者溫度。大多數(shù)的溺水死亡都發(fā)生在夏天冰激凌銷售的高峰期。,37,虛假關(guān)系 spurious relationship,鞋子的尺寸和孩子的數(shù)學(xué)能力之間存在正相關(guān)。 第三個變量是年齡。年紀(jì)大點的孩子腳也相對大點，總體上來說，其數(shù)學(xué)技巧也

24、相對強些。,鞋子尺寸,數(shù)學(xué)技巧,虛假因果關(guān)系,鞋子尺寸,數(shù)學(xué)技巧,鞋子尺寸,數(shù)學(xué)技巧,實際的因果關(guān)系,年齡,鞋子尺寸,數(shù)學(xué)技巧,38,虛假關(guān)系 spurious relationship,出現(xiàn)的消防車越多，建筑物受到的危害越大。第三個變量是什么？ 火災(zāi)的規(guī)模。 地區(qū)中的騾子數(shù)量和博士的數(shù)量存在負(fù)相關(guān)。第三個變量是什么？ 城市與鄉(xiāng)村的背景不同。,Characteristics of Strong Hypotheses,一個強假設(shè)是 A Strong Hypothesis Is,充分的 Adequate,可測的 Testable,同類中最好的 Better than rivals,Research

25、 Language-Theory,理論 Theory： 理論是預(yù)先發(fā)展的用于解釋或預(yù)測現(xiàn)象的一系列系統(tǒng)關(guān)聯(lián)的概念、定義和命題 A theory is a set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that are advanced to explain and predict phenomena (facts).,Research Language-Theory,product life cycle,理論通常是復(fù)雜的、抽象的、包含多個變量的 Theories tend to be com

26、plex, abstract, and involve multiple variables. 假設(shè)通常是簡單的、對具體事例中涉及的有限個變量關(guān)系的陳述 Hypotheses tend to be simple, limited-variable statements involving concrete instances,Research Language-variables, hypotheses, model,Kulviwat, 2009 JBR,H1. Social influence to adopt an innovation will have a positive effec

27、t on adoption intention. H2. The relationship between social influence and intention to adopt a high technology product is stronger when the product is viewed as being publicly consumed compared to when it is viewed as privately consumed. H3. Attitude toward the act of adopting a high technology inn

28、ovation has a direct and positive effect on adoption intention. H4. Attitude toward the act of adopting a particular high technology innovation mediates the effect of social influence on adoption intention.,Liu et al. 2010 JOM,Hypothesis 1. A firms perceived normative pressures toward eSCM adoption

29、are positively related to its eSCM adoption intention. Hypothesis 2. A firms perceived mimetic pressures toward eSCM adoption are positively related to its eSCM adoption intention. Hypothesis 3. A firms perceived coercive pressures toward eSCM adoption are positively related to its eSCM adoption int

30、ention. Hypothesis 4. A firms flexibility orientation negatively moderates the relationship between its perceived (a) normative, (b) mimetic, and (c) coercive pressures and eSCM adoption intention. Hypothesis 5. A firms control orientation positively moderates the relationship between its perceived

31、(a) normative, (b) mimetic, and (c) coercive pressures and eSCM adoption intention.,Research Language-variables, hypotheses, model,H1a. The target firms perceived coercive pressures toward eSCMS adoption are positively related to the exercised mediated power of the dominant firm. H1b. The target fir

32、ms perceived normative pressures toward eSCMS adoption are negatively related to the exercised mediated power of the dominant firm. H2a. The target firms perceived coercive pressures toward eSCMS adoption are positively related to the dominant firms exercised nonmediated power. H2b. The target firms

33、 perceived normative pressures toward eSCMS adoption are positively related to the dominant firms exercised nonmediated power. H3a. The focal firms trust toward the dominant firm is negatively related to the exercised mediated power of the dominant firm. H3b. The focal firms trust toward the dominan

34、t firm is positively related to the exercised non-mediated power of the dominant firm. H4. The focal firms eSCMS adoption is positively related to its perceived coercive pressures for eSCMS adoption. H5. The focal firms eSCMS adoption is positively related to its perceived normative pressures for eSCMS adoption. H6. The focal firms eSCMS adoption is positively related to its trust toward the dominant firm.,Ke et al. DSS,Research Language-variables, hypotheses, model,